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Area of Science:

  • Behavioral Economics
  • Public Health
  • Social Psychology

Background:

  • Vaccine hesitancy is a complex public health issue with multifaceted determinants.
  • Existing measures of vaccine hesitancy may not fully capture underlying psychological factors influencing vaccination decisions.
  • Betrayal aversion, a psychological construct, describes an individual's reluctance to engage in situations where betrayal is a risk, particularly in contexts of trust.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate whether betrayal aversion is a significant, yet unmeasured, factor contributing to vaccine hesitancy.
  • To quantify the impact of betrayal aversion on vaccine acceptance across different potential sources of betrayal.
  • To assess the efficacy of a standard message intervention in mitigating betrayal aversion-driven vaccine hesitancy.

Main Methods:

  • A pre-registered vignette experiment was conducted with 888 United States residents recruited via Amazon Mechanical Turk in March 2021.
  • Participants completed a survey instrument designed to measure betrayal aversion and vaccine acceptance.
  • An exogenous message intervention was introduced to evaluate its effect on betrayal aversion.

Main Results:

  • Over one-third of participants exhibited betrayal averse preferences.
  • Betrayal aversion led to an 8-26% decline in vaccine acceptance, with the greatest reductions observed when betrayal risk was attributed to scientists or government.
  • A standard message intervention proved ineffective in reducing betrayal aversion.

Conclusions:

  • Betrayal aversion is a crucial, unaddressed preference construct influencing vaccine decision-making.
  • Current vaccine hesitancy assessments may overlook this significant psychological barrier.
  • Targeted interventions addressing betrayal aversion are needed to improve vaccine uptake, particularly when trust in institutions is a factor.