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Related Concept Videos

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:20

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The polymerization process that involves carbanion as an intermediate is called anionic polymerization. It is also a type of addition or chain-growth polymerization. Anionic polymerization gets initiated by a strong nucleophile such as an organolithium or a Grignard reagent. The most commonly used initiator for anionic polymerization is butyl lithium. Monomers involved in anionic polymerization must possess a vinyl group bonded to one or two electron-withdrawing groups. For instance,...
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Polymers

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The word polymer is derived from the Greek words “poly” which means “many” and “mer” which means “parts”. Polymers are long chains of molecules composed of repeating units of smaller molecules, known as monomers. They either occur naturally, such as DNA and proteins, or can be constructed synthetically, like plastics. They have varied structural characteristics, such as linear chains, branched chains, or complex networks, that contribute to the...
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Characteristics and Nomenclature of Copolymers01:24

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Copolymers are the products obtained from the polymerization of multiple monomer species. So, in a polymer chain itself, there can be multiple repeating units that come from different monomers. The process of synthesizing a polymer from different monomer species is called copolymerization. When two monomers are involved, the polymer is known as a bipolymer. Polymers with three and four monomers are termed terpolymers and quaterpolymers, respectively. Figure 1 depicts the copolymerization of...
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Polymers are classified as linear or branched on the basis of their chain architecture. The polymer chains in linear polymers have a long chain-like structure with minimal to no branching at all. Even if a polymer features large substituent groups on the monomer, which appear as branches to the skeleton, it is not considered a branched polymer. A branched polymer contains secondary polymer chains that arise from the main polymer chain. The branching occurs when the polymer growth shifts from...
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Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism00:57

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The cationic polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination. In the initiation step of the polymerization process, the π bond of a monomer gets protonated by the Lewis acid catalyst, which is formed from boron trifluoride and water. The protonation of the π bond generates a carbocation stabilized by the electron‐donating group. In the propagation step, the π bond of the second monomer acts as a nucleophile and attacks the...
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Polymers that are made up of identical monomer units are called homopolymers. Only one repeating unit is involved in the construction of the homopolymer structure. For example, as depicted in Figure 1, polypropylene is a homopolymer constituted of propylene monomers. Here, the only repeating unit in the polymer chain is propylene.
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Advanced Compositional Analysis of Nanoparticle-polymer Composites Using Direct Fluorescence Imaging
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Bound Polymer Layer in Nanocomposites.

Nicolas Jouault1, Joseph F Moll2, Dong Meng1

  • 1Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, 500 West 120th Street, New York, New York 10027, United States.

ACS Macro Letters
|May 18, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Characterizing the polymer layer bound to nanoparticles (NPs) is key for polymer nanocomposites (PNCs). Thermogravimetric analysis underestimates bound layer thickness, while TEM and DLS provide more accurate measurements.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Polymer Science
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Polymer nanocomposites (PNCs) exhibit unique thermomechanical properties attributed to the polymer layer bound to nanoparticles (NPs).
  • Accurate characterization of this bound layer is crucial for understanding and optimizing PNC performance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare and validate different methods for determining the thickness of the irreversibly bound polymer layer in PNCs.
  • To investigate the relationship between bound layer thickness and inter-particle interactions.

Main Methods:

  • Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) to estimate bound layer thickness.
  • In situ measurement of nanoparticle interaction pair potentials via Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) micrographs.
  • Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) in a theta solvent to verify bound layer extent.

Main Results:

  • Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) underestimates the bound layer thickness when assuming a dense melt density.
  • Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) provide more realistic estimates of the bound layer thickness.
  • Observed long-ranged interactions between NPs correlate with the radius of gyration of the bound polymer chains.

Conclusions:

  • The choice of method significantly impacts the determined bound layer thickness in polymer-nanoparticle systems.
  • Accurate characterization of the bound layer is essential for understanding the thermomechanical properties of polymer nanocomposites.
  • Long-ranged NP interactions are influenced by the conformation and extent of the bound polymer layer.