Targeting the "undruggable" RAS - new strategies - new hope?
Britta Mörchen1,2, Oleksandr Shkura3, Raphael Stoll3,4
1Skin Cancer Unit of the Dermatology Department, Medical Faculty, University Duisburg-Essen, West German Cancer Center, Essen 45147, Germany.
Abstract:
K-RAS is the most frequently mutated oncogene in solid tumors, such as pancreatic, colon or lung cancer. The GTPase K-RAS can either be in an active (GTP-loaded) or inactive (GDP-loaded) form. In its active form K-RAS forwards signals from growth factors, cytokines or hormones to the nucleus, regulating essential pathways, such as cell proliferation and differentiation. In turn, activating somatic mutations of this proto-oncogene deregulate the complex interplay between GAP (GTPase-activating) - and GEF (Guanine nucleotide exchange factor) - proteins, driving neoplastic transformation. Due to a rather shallow surface, K-RAS lacks proper binding pockets for small molecules, hindering drug development over the past thirty years. This review summarizes recent progress in the development of low molecular antagonists and further shows insights of a newly described interaction between mutant K-RAS signaling and PD-L1 induced immunosuppression, giving new hope for future treatments of K-RAS mutated cancer.
Insights
Targeting KRAS mutations in cancer is challenging due to protein structure. Recent advances show promise with small molecule antagonists and understanding KRAS-mutant signaling
Area of Science:
- Oncology
- Molecular Biology
- Drug Development
Background:
- KRAS is a frequently mutated oncogene in solid tumors, regulating cell signaling pathways.
- Activating mutations in KRAS disrupt normal cell growth, leading to cancer.
- The shallow surface of KRAS has historically hindered small molecule drug development.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review recent progress in developing low molecular antagonists for KRAS.
- To explore the interaction between mutant KRAS signaling and PD-L1 induced immunosuppression.
Main Methods:
- Literature review of recent advancements in KRAS antagonist development.
- Analysis of studies investigating the link between mutant KRAS and PD-L1.
Main Results:
- Recent progress has been made in developing low molecular antagonists for KRAS.
- A newly described interaction between mutant KRAS signaling and PD-L1 induced immunosuppression has been identified.
Conclusions:
- New therapeutic strategies targeting KRAS mutations are emerging.
- Understanding the interplay between KRAS mutations and the immune system offers new hope for cancer treatment.
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