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The first human genome sequencing project cost $2.7 billion and was declared complete in 2003, after 15 years of international cooperation and collaboration between several research teams and funding agencies. Today, with the advent of next-generation sequencing technologies, the cost and time of sequencing a human genome have dropped over 100 fold.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 22, 2025

Deacetylation Assays to Unravel the Interplay between Sirtuins SIRT2 and Specific Protein-substrates
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Sirtuin modulators: past, present, and future perspectives.

Francesco Fiorentino1, Nicola Mautone1, Martina Menna1

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Summary

Sirtuins, NAD+-dependent enzymes, are crucial for cellular functions and disease. This review details sirtuin biology, activators, and inhibitors for therapeutic potential.

Keywords:
agingcancerdrug discoveryepigeneticsmetabolismneurodegenerationprotein lysine deacylationsirtuin modulatorssirtuins

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Molecular Biology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Sirtuins are a family of NAD+-dependent enzymes involved in diverse cellular processes.
  • Mammals have seven sirtuin isoforms with distinct functions and localizations.
  • Sirtuins play key roles in cell differentiation, metabolism, inflammation, and diseases like cancer.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive overview of sirtuin biology and pharmacology.
  • To examine the structure-activity relationships of sirtuin inhibitors and activators.
  • To discuss the therapeutic potential of modulating sirtuin activity for various pathologies.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of sirtuin research.
  • Analysis of structure-activity relationships for known modulators.
  • Synthesis of current knowledge on sirtuin functions and therapeutic applications.

Main Results:

  • Sirtuins are implicated in a wide range of biological processes, including aging and disease.
  • Specific inhibitors and activators exhibit varying potencies and selectivities.
  • Modulation of sirtuin activity presents a promising therapeutic strategy.

Conclusions:

  • Sirtuin modulation offers a potential therapeutic avenue for numerous diseases.
  • Further research into sirtuin activators and inhibitors is warranted.
  • Understanding sirtuin pharmacology is key to developing novel treatments.