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Related Concept Videos

Ionic Strength: Effects on Chemical Equilibria01:19

Ionic Strength: Effects on Chemical Equilibria

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The addition of an inert ionic compound increases the solubility of a sparingly soluble salt. For example, adding potassium nitrate to a saturated solution of calcium sulfate significantly enhances the solubility of calcium sulfate. Le Châtelier's principle cannot predict this shift in the equilibrium. Instead, this could be explained in terms of changes in the effective concentration of the ions in solution in the presence of added inert salt.
In this solution, the primary...
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Formation of Complex Ions03:45

Formation of Complex Ions

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A type of Lewis acid-base chemistry involves the formation of a complex ion (or a coordination complex) comprising a central atom, typically a transition metal cation, surrounded by ions or molecules called ligands. These ligands can be neutral molecules like H2O or NH3, or ions such as CN− or OH−. Often, the ligands act as Lewis bases, donating a pair of electrons to the central atom. These types of Lewis acid-base reactions are examples of a broad subdiscipline called coordination...
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Molecular and Ionic Solids02:54

Molecular and Ionic Solids

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Crystalline solids are divided into four types: molecular, ionic, metallic, and covalent network based on the type of constituent units and their interparticle interactions.
Molecular Solids
Molecular crystalline solids, such as ice, sucrose (table sugar), and iodine, are solids that are composed of neutral molecules as their constituent units. These molecules are held together by weak intermolecular forces such as London dispersion forces, dipole-dipole interactions, or hydrogen bonds, which...
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Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer02:48

Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer

42.6K
Ions are atoms or molecules bearing an electrical charge. A cation (a positive ion) forms when a neutral atom loses one or more electrons from its valence shell, and an anion (a negative ion) forms when a neutral atom gains one or more electrons in its valence shell. Compounds composed of ions are called ionic compounds (or salts), and their constituent ions are held together by ionic bonds: electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged cations and anions. 
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Complexation Equilibria: Factors Influencing Stability of Complexes01:09

Complexation Equilibria: Factors Influencing Stability of Complexes

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In complexation reactions, metal cations are the electron pair acceptors, and the ligands are the electron pair donors. The stability of the metal complexes depends primarily on the complexing ability of the central metal ion and the nature of the ligands. Generally, the complexing ability of the metal ion depends on the size and charge of the ion. As the metal ion size increases, the stability of the metal complexes decreases, provided that the valency of the metal ion and the ligands remain...
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Intermolecular Forces03:13

Intermolecular Forces

61.7K
Atoms and molecules interact through bonds (or forces): intramolecular and intermolecular. The forces are electrostatic as they arise from interactions (attractive or repulsive) between charged species (permanent, partial, or temporary charges) and exist with varying strengths between ions, polar, nonpolar, and neutral molecules. The different types of intermolecular forces are ion–dipole, dipole–dipole, hydrogen bonds, and dispersion; among these, dipole–dipole, hydrogen...
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Determination of Thermodynamic Properties of Alkaline Earth-liquid Metal Alloys Using the Electromotive Force Technique
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Revealing the Solid-State Electrolyte Interfacial Stability Model with Na-K Liquid Alloy.

Xuelin Guo1, Yijie Liu1, Xiao Zhang1

  • 1Materials Science and Engineering Program and Walker Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, 204 E Dean Keeton Street, Austin, TX 78712, USA.

Angewandte Chemie (International Ed. in English)
|May 18, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Researchers developed a sodium-potassium liquid alloy anode for solid-state batteries, achieving long cycle life and low overpotential. This innovation offers a new understanding of interfacial stability in high-energy batteries.

Keywords:
Alkali Metal BatteriesInterfacial ChemistryLiquid Metal AnodeMulti-Cation AnodeSolid-State Electrolyte

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Area of Science:

  • Electrochemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Energy Storage

Background:

  • Solid-state batteries (SSBs) offer higher energy density and safety compared to conventional lithium-ion batteries.
  • Achieving stable interfaces between alkali metal anodes and solid electrolytes remains a significant challenge for SSBs.
  • Sodium-potassium (Na-K) liquid alloys present a promising alternative anode material due to their low melting point and high theoretical capacity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a stable Na-K liquid alloy anode for sodium super-ionic conductor solid-state electrolyte (NASICON SSE) based solid-state batteries.
  • To propose and validate a novel interfacial stability model for multi-cation systems.
  • To investigate charge selection mechanisms for enhanced interfacial performance.

Main Methods:

  • Development of a Na-K liquid alloy anode with a charge-selective interfacial layer.
  • Proposal of a new interfacial stability model incorporating chemical and kinetic decomposition domains.
  • Electrochemical measurements, including cycling life and overpotential analysis.
  • Microscopic and spectroscopic characterizations to validate proposed mechanisms.

Main Results:

  • The Na-K liquid alloy anode demonstrated an impressively long cycling life with a small overpotential when paired with a NASICON SSE.
  • A novel interfacial stability model was proposed and validated, elucidating chemical and kinetic decomposition domains.
  • Two charge selection mechanisms, based on dynamic chemical kinetic equilibrium and electrochemical kinetics, were confirmed.

Conclusions:

  • The developed Na-K liquid alloy anode with a charge-selective interface is effective for high-energy-density solid-state batteries.
  • The proposed interfacial stability model provides novel insights into interfacial chemical processes in multi-cation systems.
  • This study offers a promising design strategy and a deeper understanding for future alkali metal-based solid-state battery development.