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Anatomy of the Ear01:16

Anatomy of the Ear

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Auditory sensation, commonly called hearing, involves the transformation of sonic waves into neural impulses facilitated by the structures of the auditory organ. The prominent, flesh-like structure on the side of the head, called the auricle, directs sound waves towards the auditory canal. The auricle is often mislabeled as the pinna, a term more aligned with mobile structures like a feline's external ear. The auditory canal penetrates the cranium via the external auditory meatus of the...
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The inner ear assumes dual functionalities of auditory perception and equilibrium maintenance. The vestibule is the organ responsible for balance. This organ contains mechanoreceptors, specifically hair cells, endowed with stereocilia, which aid in deciphering information regarding the position and motion of our heads. Two intrinsic components, the utricle and saccule, help perceive head position, while the semicircular canals track head movement. Neurological messages initiated in the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 22, 2025

Imaging Effector Memory T cells in the Ear After Induction of Adoptive DTH
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Inner ear immunity.

Elizabeth M Keithley1

  • 1Division of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine 0666, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093.

Hearing Research
|May 18, 2022
PubMed
Summary

The inner ear contains resident macrophages that interact with circulating immune cells during infections or trauma. Understanding these immune cell interactions is crucial for inner ear health.

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Otolaryngology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • The inner ear, crucial for hearing and balance, interacts with the systemic immune system.
  • Resident macrophages populate the adult mammalian inner ear, including the endolymphatic sac.
  • Circulating macrophages continuously replenish resident populations, but their specific roles in inner ear immunity are not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the mechanisms of immune cell interaction within the inner ear.
  • To investigate the role of resident and circulating macrophages in inner ear immune responses.
  • To understand how the inner ear immune system responds to challenges like acoustic trauma and infection.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of macrophage distribution in various inner ear structures.
Keywords:
Endolymphatic sacImmunityInner earLymphaticsMacrophagesNoise

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  • Observation of immune cell infiltration following induced infections (lipopolysaccharide) and acoustic trauma.
  • Examination of immune cell behavior and interactions in response to inner ear insults.

    • Main Results:

    • Resident macrophages are found in specific inner ear regions, excluding the organ of Corti, but can extend processes to aid in reducing synaptopathy.
    • Systemic infections and acoustic trauma trigger the influx of circulating immune cells into the inner ear.
    • While immune cell recruitment signals are known, their precise functions and termination mechanisms remain unclear.

    Conclusions:

    • The inner ear possesses a resident macrophage population that collaborates with circulating immune cells during inflammatory responses.
    • Immune responses to inner ear insults can lead to fibrotic and osteoid formation.
    • Further research is needed to fully understand the functional roles and regulatory signals of immune cells in the inner ear.