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Gastrulation

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Gastrulation establishes the three primary tissues of an embryo: the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. This developmental process relies on a series of intricate cellular movements, which in humans transforms a flat, “bilaminar disc” composed of two cell sheets into a three-tiered structure. In the resulting embryo, the endoderm serves as the bottom layer, and stacked directly above it is the intermediate mesoderm, and then the uppermost ectoderm. Respectively, these tissue strata...
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The cadherins are a superfamily of cell adhesion molecules comprising over 180 variants, with specific tissues expressing a particular combination of cadherin types. Cadherins generally exhibit homophilic binding; i.e., cadherins on one cell bind to cadherins of the same or closely related type on another cell. Thus, cells of the same type have a specific affinity to bind to each other and sort themselves into clusters to form tissues.
Cell Sorting During Development
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Determination01:51

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During embryogenesis, cells become progressively committed to different fates through a two-step process: specification followed by determination. Specification is demonstrated by removing a segment of an early embryo, “neutrally” culturing the tissue in vitro—for example, in a petri dish with simple medium—and then observing the derivatives. If the cultured region gives rise to cell types that it would normally generate in the embryo, this means that it is specified. In...
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Development of the reproductive organs in an embryo starts from a bipotential state. This means the early embryo can develop either male or female reproductive organs. The formation of these organs begins with the growth of gonadal ridges that arise from the intermediate mesoderm during the fifth week of development.
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Erythropoietin-producing hepatocellular carcinoma receptor (Eph) and its ligand, Eph receptor-interacting protein (Ephrin) were first discovered in the human carcinoma cell line, hence the name. Ephrin-Eph interaction guides cells to reach their appropriate location in adult tissues. They also play an essential role in the immune system by helping in immune cell migration, adhesion, and activation. Based on their structure and function, Eph is divided into two classes — EphA and EphB.
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Updated: Sep 22, 2025

Grafting of Beads into Developing Chicken Embryo Limbs to Identify Signal Transduction Pathways Affecting Gene Expression
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Gibbin mesodermal regulation patterns epithelial development.

Ann Collier1, Angela Liu2, Jessica Torkelson1

  • 1Program in Epithelial Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.

Nature
|May 18, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Gibbin protein regulates human development by controlling gene expression and cell signaling. Loss of Gibbin leads to developmental defects, impacting skin, craniofacial structures, and abdominal wall closure.

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Assessing Signaling Properties of Ectodermal Epithelia During Craniofacial Development
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Area of Science:

  • Developmental Biology
  • Genetics
  • Epigenetics

Background:

  • Ectodermal patterning requires transcription factors (GATA3, p63) and mesodermal signaling.
  • Mechanisms of stable gene expression and lineage commitment in ectoderm-mesoderm interactions are unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Identify novel regulators of early epithelial morphogenesis.
  • Elucidate the role of the AHDC1 gene product, Gibbin, in human development.
  • Investigate the molecular basis of Xia-Gibbs syndrome phenotypes.

Main Methods:

  • Identified Gibbin (encoded by AHDC1) as a key regulator.
  • Studied Gibbin's interaction with transcription factors and methyl-CpG-binding proteins.
  • Utilized human embryonic stem cell-derived skin organoids and in vivo chimeric CRISPR mouse mutants.

Main Results:

  • Gibbin regulates mesodermal gene expression by interacting with transcription factors and epigenetic modifiers.
  • Loss of Gibbin increases DNA methylation at GATA3-dependent genes, disrupting dermal-epidermal signaling.
  • Gibbin deficiency causes defective dermal maturation, impaired keratinocyte stratification, and developmental patterning defects.

Conclusions:

  • Gibbin is crucial for early epithelial morphogenesis and developmental patterning.
  • Xia-Gibbs syndrome phenotypes result from abnormal mesodermal maturation due to aberrant DNA methylation.
  • Gibbin's function highlights the importance of epigenetic regulation in developmental processes.