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Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by persistent inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. It affects approximately 5-8% of children globally, with around 60-70% of cases persisting into adulthood. ADHD has significant implications for educational attainment, social interactions, and occupational success.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 22, 2025

Using Brain Activation nir-HEG/Q-EEG and Execution Measures CPTs in a ADHD Assessment Protocol
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Geographical variation in ADHD: do diagnoses reflect symptom levels?

Tarjei Widding-Havneraas1,2, Simen Markussen3, Felix Elwert4

  • 1Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Jonas Lies Vei 87, 5021, Bergen, Norway. tarjei.widding-havneras@uib.no.

European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry
|May 18, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Geographic variation in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) diagnoses significantly exceeds differences in ADHD symptom levels. This suggests factors beyond symptoms drive regional ADHD diagnosis disparities in Norway.

Keywords:
ADHDAdolescentChild healthHealth servicesMoBaNorwegian mother, father and child cohort studyNorwegian patient registryPsychiatrySymptoms

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Area of Science:

  • Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
  • Epidemiology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Geographic disparities in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) diagnoses are prevalent globally.
  • Understanding the drivers of these regional variations is crucial for equitable healthcare delivery.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the extent to which geographic variation in ADHD symptom levels explains the variation in ADHD diagnoses among children and adolescents in Norway.
  • To identify potential factors contributing to regional differences in ADHD diagnosis rates.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized nationwide Norwegian registry data (2011-2016) for ADHD diagnosis incidence.
  • Employed data from the Norwegian Mother, Father and Child Cohort Study (2011-2016, n=39,850) for ADHD symptom levels.
  • Applied fractional response models to assess cross-sectional associations between symptom levels and diagnosis incidence.

Main Results:

  • Geographic variation in ADHD diagnosis rates was substantially larger than could be accounted for by geographic variation in ADHD symptom levels.
  • Norway's healthcare system offers free, universally accessible child and adolescent mental health services with minimal private sector competition.

Conclusions:

  • Factors other than unequal symptom distribution or healthcare access appear to be responsible for significant geographic variations in ADHD diagnoses.
  • Further research is needed to explore the complex determinants of regional ADHD diagnosis disparities.