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Related Concept Videos

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Classification of Illness

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The meaning of illness is individualized to each person who experiences an alteration in health. In contrast, disease is a medical term indicating a pathological change in the structure and function of the body or mind. It is a condition that has specific symptoms and boundaries.
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Factors Affecting Illness01:18

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When a person's physical, emotional, intellectual, social development or spiritual functioning is compromised, this deviation from a healthy normal state is called illness. Illness creates stress that in turn harms individuals. Irritation, anger, denial, hopelessness, and fear are behavioral and emotional changes an individual experiences in the phases of illness. A variety of factors influence a person's health and well-being.
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Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a long-lasting respiratory condition requiring continuous attention and care. It is a progressive lung disease that leads to breathing challenges due to airflow obstruction. It manifests as persistent respiratory symptoms and restricted airflow resulting from abnormalities in the airways and alveoli, usually due to long-term exposure to harmful particles or gases. COPD mainly consists of two primary conditions: emphysema and chronic bronchitis.
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Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease01:22

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COPD is defined as a heterogeneous lung condition marked by persistent respiratory symptoms such as dyspnea, cough, and sputum production, caused by abnormalities in the airways that cause airflow obstruction.
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Chronic Bowel Disorders: Introduction01:17

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Chronic bowel diseases are a group of long-term conditions affecting the digestive tract, characterized by inflammation and damage to the gut lining. These conditions primarily include irritable bowel syndrome and inflammatory bowel disease.
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Models of Health Promotion and Illness Prevention II01:18

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The person's health status fluctuates continually, varying from being in good health to becoming ill and returning to being healthy. To understand the concept of illness prevention, there are two models. First, the health-illness continuum model is a graphic representation of an individual's wellness. It states that a person is considered healthy in the absence of physical disease and the presence of good emotional health.
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Updated: Sep 22, 2025

Assessment of Dependence in Activities of Daily Living Among Older Patients in an Acute Care Unit
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Chronic condition clusters and associated disability over time.

Tara C Klinedinst1,2, Lauren Terhorst3,4,5, Juleen Rodakowski3,5

  • 1Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Tulsa, OK, USA.

Journal of Multimorbidity and Comorbidity
|May 19, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Complex chronic condition clusters increase disability risk over time. All identified groups showed worse functional mobility (FM) and activities of daily living (ADL) compared to those with minimal disease.

Keywords:
activities of daily livingdisabilitylatent class analysismultimorbidity

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Area of Science:

  • Gerontology
  • Chronic Disease Epidemiology
  • Disability Studies

Background:

  • Complex chronic condition clusters are linked to adverse health outcomes.
  • The relationship between chronic condition clusters and long-term disability, specifically activities of daily living (ADL) and functional mobility (FM), requires further investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the association between chronic condition clusters and changes in ADL and FM over time.
  • To identify specific chronic condition clusters and their differential impact on disability trajectories.

Main Methods:

  • Longitudinal analysis of the National Health and Aging Trends Study (NHATS) dataset (n=6179).
  • Latent class analysis (LCA) to identify chronic condition clusters.
  • Mixed-effects models with repeated measures to assess the impact of cluster, time, and their interaction on ADL and FM outcomes over 4 years.

Main Results:

  • Six chronic condition clusters were identified: Minimal Disease, Cognitive/Affective, Multiple Morbidity, Osteoporosis, Vascular, and Cancer.
  • Chronic condition clusters were significantly associated with ADL and FM outcomes, demonstrating differential disability trajectories.
  • By year 4, all chronic condition groups exhibited poorer functional mobility (FM) compared to the Minimal Disease group.

Conclusions:

  • The identified chronic condition clusters are clinically plausible and align with existing research.
  • All chronic condition clusters are associated with an increased risk of ADL and FM disability.
  • Early screening for disability in primary care settings is recommended to identify and prevent functional decline.