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Updated: Sep 22, 2025

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Immune alterations in recurrent implantation failure.

Nupur Mukherjee1, Richa Sharma1, Deepak Modi1

  • 1Molecular and Cellular Biology Laboratory, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Reproductive and Child Health, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), Parel, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India.

American Journal of Reproductive Immunology (New York, N.Y. : 1989)
|May 19, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Recurrent implantation failure (RIF) is complex, involving various immune dysfunctions. Personalized therapies are emerging, but more research is needed to confirm their effectiveness in improving pregnancy success.

Keywords:
cytokinesdeciduaembryoendometriuminflammationplacentapregnancytreatment

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Area of Science:

  • Reproductive immunology
  • Infertility research

Background:

  • Recurrent implantation failure (RIF) affects women undergoing assisted reproductive technologies (ART).
  • RIF is linked to diverse factors including uterine, male, and embryo issues.
  • Immunologic disturbances, such as altered Th1/Th2 ratios and immune cell counts, are implicated in RIF.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the immunologic factors contributing to RIF.
  • To discuss current and emerging personalized therapeutic strategies for RIF.
  • To highlight the need for standardized diagnostic tests and robust clinical trials for RIF interventions.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on RIF and immune system interactions.
  • Analysis of immune dysfunctions observed in RIF patients.
  • Evaluation of personalized treatment approaches for RIF.

Main Results:

  • RIF is a heterogeneous condition with varied immune responses.
  • Personalized therapies like Tacrolimus, IVIg, and immunomodulators are being explored.
  • Current evidence suggests a need for caution regarding add-on interventions without sufficient clinical validation.

Conclusions:

  • RIF management requires understanding individual immune profiles.
  • Standardized immune assessment and large-scale randomized controlled trials are crucial.
  • The ART community should judiciously use unproven add-on therapies for RIF until further evidence emerges.