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Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

Alkenes undergo reduction by the addition of molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. Because the process generally occurs in the presence of a transition-metal catalyst, the reaction is called catalytic hydrogenation.
Metals like palladium, platinum, and nickel are commonly used in their solid forms — fine powder on an inert surface. As these catalysts remain insoluble in the reaction mixture, they are referred to as heterogeneous catalysts.
The hydrogenation process takes place on the...

Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation

Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation

Catalytic hydrogenation of alkenes is a transition-metal catalyzed reduction of the double bond using molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. The mode of hydrogen addition follows syn stereochemistry.
The metal catalyst used can be either heterogeneous or homogeneous. When hydrogenation of an alkene generates a chiral center, a pair of enantiomeric products is expected to form. However, an enantiomeric excess of one of the products can be facilitated using an enantioselective reaction or an...

Reduction of Alkynes to cis-Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

Reduction of Alkynes to cis-Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

Introduction
Like alkenes, alkynes can be reduced to alkanes in the presence of transition metal catalysts such as Pt, Pd, or Ni. The reaction involves two sequential syn additions of hydrogen via a cis-alkene intermediate.

Reduction of Benzene to Cyclohexane: Catalytic Hydrogenation

Reduction of Benzene to Cyclohexane: Catalytic Hydrogenation

Unlike the easy catalytic hydrogenation of an alkene double bond, hydrogenation of a benzene double bond under similar reaction conditions does not take place easily. For example, in the reduction of stilbene, the benzene ring remains unaffected while the alkene bond gets reduced. Hydrogenation of an alkene double bond is exothermic and a favorable process. In contrast, to hydrogenate the first unsaturated bond of benzene, an energy input is needed; that is, the process is endothermic. This is...

Catalysis

Catalysis

The presence of a catalyst affects the rate of a chemical reaction. A catalyst is a substance that can increase the reaction rate without being consumed during the process. A basic comprehension of a catalysts’ role during chemical reactions can be understood from the concept of reaction mechanisms and energy diagrams.

Hydroboration-Oxidation of Alkenes

Hydroboration-Oxidation of Alkenes

In addition to the oxymercuration–demercuration method, which converts the alkenes to alcohols with Markovnikov orientation, a complementary hydroboration-oxidation method yields the anti-Markovnikov product. The hydroboration reaction, discovered in 1959 by H.C. Brown, involves the addition of a B–H bond of borane to an alkene giving an organoborane intermediate. The oxidation of this intermediate with basic hydrogen peroxide forms an alcohol.

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Updated: Sep 22, 2025

Synthesis and Performance Characterizations of Transition Metal Single Atom Catalyst for Electrochemical CO2 Reduction

Synthesis and Performance Characterizations of Transition Metal Single Atom Catalyst for Electrochemical CO2 Reduction

Published on: April 10, 2018

Recent developments in first-row transition metal complex-catalyzed CO₂ hydrogenation.

Chandan Das¹, Jagrit Grover¹, Tannu^1,2

¹Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai-400076, India. lahiri@chem.iib.ac.in.

Dalton Transactions (Cambridge, England : 2003)

|May 19, 2022

Summary

Carbon dioxide (CO2) capture and conversion is crucial for climate change mitigation. This study reviews first-row transition metals for efficient CO2 hydrogenation into valuable C1 chemicals like methanol and formic acid.

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Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles Supported on Carbon Nanotube with Doped Co and N Atoms and its Catalytic Applications in Hydrogen Production

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Published on: December 6, 2021

Versatile CO2 Transformations into Complex Products: A One-pot Two-step Strategy

Versatile CO2 Transformations into Complex Products: A One-pot Two-step Strategy

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Last Updated: Sep 22, 2025

Synthesis and Performance Characterizations of Transition Metal Single Atom Catalyst for Electrochemical CO2 Reduction

Synthesis and Performance Characterizations of Transition Metal Single Atom Catalyst for Electrochemical CO2 Reduction

Published on: April 10, 2018

Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles Supported on Carbon Nanotube with Doped Co and N Atoms and its Catalytic Applications in Hydrogen Production

Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles Supported on Carbon Nanotube with Doped Co and N Atoms and its Catalytic Applications in Hydrogen Production

Published on: December 6, 2021

Versatile CO2 Transformations into Complex Products: A One-pot Two-step Strategy

Versatile CO2 Transformations into Complex Products: A One-pot Two-step Strategy

Published on: November 9, 2019

Area of Science:

Catalysis
Green Chemistry
Materials Science

Background:

Anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions drive climate change, necessitating effective CO2 management strategies.
Carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) are vital global concerns.
C1 chemicals, such as methanol and formic acid, are essential industrial feedstocks.

Purpose of the Study:

To explore the direct conversion of CO2 into methanol and formic acid via hydrogenation.
To focus on the catalytic activity of first-row transition metals in CO2 hydrogenation.
To provide a comparative analysis of transition metal catalysts for CO2 conversion.

Main Methods:

Review of recent advancements in CO2 hydrogenation catalysis.
Focus on first-row transition metal complexes for CO2 to methanol/formate conversion.
Comparative analysis of second and third-row transition metal catalysts.

Main Results:

First-row transition metals show significant and increasing activity in CO2 hydrogenation.
CO2 hydrogenation offers a direct route to valuable C1 chemicals.
Transition metal catalysis is key to bridging CO2 management and chemical production.

Conclusions:

First-row transition metals are promising catalysts for sustainable CO2 utilization.
Further research into transition metal catalysis can advance CCUS technologies.
Developing efficient CO2 conversion pathways is critical for a circular carbon economy.