Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

6.1K
T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
6.1K
Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity01:26

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity

715
An antigen is any substance the immune system identifies as foreign and potentially harmful to the body, prompting an immune response. Antigens have two functional properties: immunogenicity and reactivity. Immunogenicity is the ability of an antigen to stimulate a specific immune response. At the same time, reactivity describes the antigen's ability to react with the cells and antibodies produced in response to it.
Complete Antigens
Complete antigens possess both immunogenicity and...
715
T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

1.4K
When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...
1.4K
Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response01:27

Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response

2.7K
Cytotoxic T cells are a vital component of the immune system. They have the remarkable ability to identify and target antigens on infected or abnormal cells. These antigens often originate from intracellular pathogens such as viruses or abnormal proteins cancer cells produce.
Immunological surveillance is the ability of immune cells to monitor and eliminate infected cells with intracellular pathogens, neoplastically transformed cells, and cells with non-self antigens. Cytotoxic T cells and NK...
2.7K
Antigen Processing Pathways01:31

Antigen Processing Pathways

1.4K
MHC molecules are key players in the immune response, enabling T cells to recognize and respond to specific antigens. They are present on the surface of all nucleated cells in the body and are instrumental in presenting antigens to T cells and activating them. T cells recognize the MHC-antigen complex and initiate an immune response. MHC class I and MHC class II are two main types of MHC molecules, each associated with a distinct antigen processing pathway.
MHC Class I: Presenting Endogenous...
1.4K
Diversity of Antigen Receptors01:28

Diversity of Antigen Receptors

837
Antigen receptors are essential components of the immune system crucial in defending the body against foreign invaders. These receptors are present on the surface of B and T cells, enabling them to recognize antigens and mount an appropriate immune response.
Before encountering any antigen, lymphocytes express these receptors. On B cells, the antigen receptor is a membrane-bound antibody molecule called BCR; on T cells, it is a T cell receptor or TCR. B and T cell receptors are composed of two...
837

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Using peptide-exchange systems to interrogate peptide-specific KIR binding to HLA Class I.

Discovery immunology·2026
Same author

Comparative efficacy and safety of aspirin, low-molecular-weight heparin, and rivaroxaban for deep venous thrombosis prophylaxis after hip arthroplasty for femoral neck fracture: a single-center randomized controlled trial.

Journal of orthopaedics and traumatology : official journal of the Italian Society of Orthopaedics and Traumatology·2026
Same author

The intellectual landscape of cognitive impairment in type 2 diabetes: knowledge structure, research focuses and rising trends.

Frontiers in endocrinology·2026
Same author

Potent acridone antimalarial against all three life stages of Plasmodium.

Nature communications·2026
Same author

The fetal trophoblast cell marker HLA-G activates a type I interferon response in primary NK cells through the receptor KIR2DL4.

Science signaling·2026
Same author

BodyMeta: A comprehensive database for microbes under various pathological and physiological conditions.

Computational and structural biotechnology journal·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 22, 2025

Visualizing Antigen Specific CD4+ T Cells using MHC Class II Tetramers
15:42

Visualizing Antigen Specific CD4+ T Cells using MHC Class II Tetramers

Published on: March 6, 2009

21.9K

T cells discriminate between groups C1 and C2 HLA-C.

Malcolm J W Sim1, Zachary Stotz1, Jinghua Lu1

  • 1Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, United States.

Elife
|May 19, 2022
PubMed
Summary

The C1/C2 dimorphism in HLA-C molecules affects T cell receptor recognition of KRAS-G12D neoantigens. This difference impacts peptide binding and T cell responses, with implications for cancer therapies.

Keywords:
C1/C2HLA-CKRAS-G12DTCRhumanimmunologyinflammationmolecular biophysicsneoantigenstructural biology

More Related Videos

Discrimination of Seven Immune Cell Subsets by Two-fluorochrome Flow Cytometry
10:58

Discrimination of Seven Immune Cell Subsets by Two-fluorochrome Flow Cytometry

Published on: March 5, 2019

14.1K
Analysis of HBV-Specific CD4 T-cell Responses and Identification of HLA-DR-Restricted CD4 T-Cell Epitopes Based on a Peptide Matrix
10:37

Analysis of HBV-Specific CD4 T-cell Responses and Identification of HLA-DR-Restricted CD4 T-Cell Epitopes Based on a Peptide Matrix

Published on: October 20, 2021

3.0K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Sep 22, 2025

Visualizing Antigen Specific CD4+ T Cells using MHC Class II Tetramers
15:42

Visualizing Antigen Specific CD4+ T Cells using MHC Class II Tetramers

Published on: March 6, 2009

21.9K
Discrimination of Seven Immune Cell Subsets by Two-fluorochrome Flow Cytometry
10:58

Discrimination of Seven Immune Cell Subsets by Two-fluorochrome Flow Cytometry

Published on: March 5, 2019

14.1K
Analysis of HBV-Specific CD4 T-cell Responses and Identification of HLA-DR-Restricted CD4 T-Cell Epitopes Based on a Peptide Matrix
10:37

Analysis of HBV-Specific CD4 T-cell Responses and Identification of HLA-DR-Restricted CD4 T-Cell Epitopes Based on a Peptide Matrix

Published on: October 20, 2021

3.0K

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Human Leukocyte Antigen C (HLA-C) allotypes are grouped into C1 and C2 based on dimorphic amino acids at positions 77 and 80.
  • These groups are known to interact with specific natural killer cell receptors and are associated with various diseases.
  • The effect of the C1/C2 dimorphism on T cell recognition remains largely unexplored.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how the C1/C2 dimorphism in HLA-C molecules influences T cell receptor (TCR) recognition.
  • To determine the impact of this dimorphism on the presentation of KRAS-G12D neoantigens.
  • To understand the implications for T cell responses in diseases, including cancer.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized HLA-C allotypes differing solely at C1/C2-defining residues.
  • Employed KRAS-G12D neoantigen-specific T cell receptors (TCRs) for recognition studies.
  • Conducted structural and functional experiments, alongside immunopeptidomics analysis.

Main Results:

  • TCRs demonstrated discrimination between C1 and C2 allotypes presenting the same KRAS-G12D peptides.
  • The C1/C2 dimorphism, specifically residue 77 (Serine in C1, Asparagine in C2), influences peptide C-terminal amino acid preference.
  • C1 favors small residues at pΩ-1, while C2 prefers larger residues, leading to reduced TCR affinity for C2-HLA-C complexes.

Conclusions:

  • The C1/C2 dimorphism intrinsically affects peptide presentation by HLA-C molecules.
  • This dimorphism significantly impacts HLA-C-restricted T cell responses, even with conserved TCR contacts.
  • Findings have implications for understanding disease associations and developing targeted adoptive T cell therapies for KRAS-G12D-induced cancers.