CoFe₂O₄-chitosan-graphene nanocomposite for glyphosate removal

Glyphosate is one of the most widely used herbicides globally, and there are several concerns about its environmental impact. In this work, we revealed the molecular interaction between chitosan, graphene, and CoFe₂O₄ nanoparticles with commercial glyphosate. The binding interaction was studied by Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Raman spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The structural and magnetic properties were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and vibrating-sample magnetometry (VSM). To quantify the removal of glyphosate from water, UV-vis spectroscopy was used. Our results demonstrate the strong interaction between glyphosate with the components of the nanocomposite by the coordination through the phosphate and carboxylic groups and a complex formation with the nanoparticles. The advantage of this work is the use of a low-cost nanocomposite as bioadsorbent and the understanding of the binding interactions for glyphosate removal.