[Parkinson's Disease with Intolerable Painful Dyskinesia: Standard Treatment and Subsequent Tips]

The pathogenesis of pain related to dyskinesia in Parkinson disease is thought to be based on hypersensitivity to pain. To relieve symptoms, it is essential to reduce dyskinesia and alleviate symptoms. Frequent small doses of levodopa, dopamine agonists, MAOB inhibitors, and amantadine are effective. If improvement is insufficient, device-aided therapy should be considered. In addition, antidepressants, weak opioid analgesics, benzodiazepines, gabapentin, botulinum toxin injections, and exercise therapy are also worth trialing.