Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Standing Waves in a Cavity

Standing Waves in a Cavity

A household microwave and lasers are examples of standing electromagnetic waves in a cavity. When two conducting metal plates are placed parallel at the nodal planes, it creates a cavity where standing waves are formed. The cavity between the two planes is analogous to a stretched string held at the points x = 0 and x = L. Here, the distance 'L' between the two planes must be an integer multiple of half of the wavelength. The wavelengths that satisfy this condition are given by:

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Holographic leaky-wave antennas with independently controlled multiple counter-rotating vortex beams.

Scientific reports·2026

Same author

Investigation of losses on directivity improvement in the graphene reflectarray design.

Scientific reports·2026

Same author

Design of an omnidirectional conical beam leaky wave antenna using the holographic technique.

Scientific reports·2025

Same author

Flexible dispersion engineering in metasurface-based leaky-wave antennas: leveraging spatio-temporally modulated impedance surfaces.

Optics express·2025

Same author

Interpretable artificial intelligence for modulated metasurface antenna design using SHAP and MLP.

Scientific reports·2025

Same author

Ultra-wideband unidirectional pseudospin-polarized waveguide with dual boundary conditions.

Scientific reports·2025

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 22, 2025

Characterization of Anisotropic Leaky Mode Modulators for Holovideo

Characterization of Anisotropic Leaky Mode Modulators for Holovideo

Published on: March 19, 2016

Temporally modulated one-dimensional leaky-wave holograms.

Amrollah Amini¹, Homayoon Oraizi²

¹School of Electrical Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, 1684613114, Iran.

Scientific Reports

|May 19, 2022

Summary

Spatio-temporally modulated impedance surfaces enable arbitrary wave generation by breaking conservation laws. This study introduces a theoretical framework to analyze these surfaces, enabling precise control over wave propagation and nonreciprocal responses.

More Related Videos

Recording Ultra-Realistic Full-Color Analog Holograms for Use in a Moving Hologram Display

Recording Ultra-Realistic Full-Color Analog Holograms for Use in a Moving Hologram Display

Published on: January 14, 2020

Demonstration of Spin-Multiplexed and Direction-Multiplexed All-Dielectric Visible Metaholograms

Demonstration of Spin-Multiplexed and Direction-Multiplexed All-Dielectric Visible Metaholograms

Published on: September 25, 2020

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Sep 22, 2025

Characterization of Anisotropic Leaky Mode Modulators for Holovideo

Characterization of Anisotropic Leaky Mode Modulators for Holovideo

Published on: March 19, 2016

Recording Ultra-Realistic Full-Color Analog Holograms for Use in a Moving Hologram Display

Recording Ultra-Realistic Full-Color Analog Holograms for Use in a Moving Hologram Display

Published on: January 14, 2020

Demonstration of Spin-Multiplexed and Direction-Multiplexed All-Dielectric Visible Metaholograms

Demonstration of Spin-Multiplexed and Direction-Multiplexed All-Dielectric Visible Metaholograms

Published on: September 25, 2020

Area of Science:

Electromagnetics and Wave Propagation
Metamaterials and Metasurfaces
Theoretical Physics

Background:

Spatio-temporally modulated impedance surfaces offer unique capabilities for wave generation by violating conventional momentum and energy conservation principles.
Analyzing these complex surfaces requires advanced theoretical frameworks to predict their electromagnetic behavior.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop a theoretical framework for analyzing spatio-temporally modulated impedance surfaces.
To accurately calculate eigenvalues and predict wave propagation mechanisms under space and time modulations.
To investigate the nonreciprocal responses and beam scanning properties induced by temporal modulation.

Main Methods:

Holographic technique to estimate impedance distribution for desired momentum.
Generalized Floquet-wave expansion for analyzing modulated surfaces.
Analytical modeling to calculate eigenvalues in the presence of modulations.
Dispersion diagram analysis to verify nonreciprocity.

Main Results:

Accurate calculation of eigenvalues for spatio-temporally modulated surfaces.
Demonstration of Doppler-shift effect and nonreciprocal responses due to temporal modulation.
Prediction of bounded and radiation states propagation mechanisms.
Investigation of beam scanning capabilities.

Conclusions:

The proposed analytical model accurately predicts the behavior of spatio-temporally modulated impedance surfaces.
Temporal modulation introduces nonreciprocity and Doppler shifts, enabling advanced wave control.
These structures show potential for applications in adaptive antennas and novel wave manipulation devices.