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Related Concept Videos

Characteristics and Nomenclature of Copolymers01:24

Characteristics and Nomenclature of Copolymers

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Copolymers are the products obtained from the polymerization of multiple monomer species. So, in a polymer chain itself, there can be multiple repeating units that come from different monomers. The process of synthesizing a polymer from different monomer species is called copolymerization. When two monomers are involved, the polymer is known as a bipolymer. Polymers with three and four monomers are termed terpolymers and quaterpolymers, respectively. Figure 1 depicts the copolymerization of...
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Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:03

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Step-growth or condensation polymerization is a stepwise reaction of bi or multifunctional monomers to form long-chain polymers. As all the monomers are reactive, most of the monomers are consumed at the early stages of the reaction to form small chains of reactive oligomers, which then combine to form long polymer chains in the late stages. Hence, the reaction has to proceed for a long time to achieve high molecular weight polymers.
Many natural and synthetic polymers are produced by...
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Olefin Metathesis Polymerization: Acyclic Diene Metathesis (ADMET)00:53

Olefin Metathesis Polymerization: Acyclic Diene Metathesis (ADMET)

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Acyclic diene metathesis polymerization or ADMET polymerization involves cross-metathesis of terminal dienes, such as 1,8-nonadiene, to give linear unsaturated polymer and ethylene. As ADMET is a reversible process, the formed ethylene gas must be removed from the reaction mixture to complete the polymerization process.
Similar to cross-metathesis, ADMET also involves the formation of metallacyclobutane intermediate by [2+2] cycloaddition of one of the double bonds of a terminal diene with...
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Polymer Classification: Stereospecificity01:26

Polymer Classification: Stereospecificity

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Polymerization generates chiral centers along the entire backbone of a polymer chain. Accordingly, the stereochemistry of the substituent group has a significant effect on polymer properties. Polymers formed from monosubstituted alkene monomers feature chiral carbons at every alternate position in the polymer backbone. Relative to the predominant orientation of substituents at the adjacent chiral carbons, the polymer can exist in three different configurations: isotactic, syndiotactic, and...
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Characteristics and Nomenclature of Homopolymers01:00

Characteristics and Nomenclature of Homopolymers

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Polymers that are made up of identical monomer units are called homopolymers. Only one repeating unit is involved in the construction of the homopolymer structure. For example, as depicted in Figure 1, polypropylene is a homopolymer constituted of propylene monomers. Here, the only repeating unit in the polymer chain is propylene.
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Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:20

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

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The polymerization process that involves carbanion as an intermediate is called anionic polymerization. It is also a type of addition or chain-growth polymerization. Anionic polymerization gets initiated by a strong nucleophile such as an organolithium or a Grignard reagent. The most commonly used initiator for anionic polymerization is butyl lithium. Monomers involved in anionic polymerization must possess a vinyl group bonded to one or two electron-withdrawing groups. For instance,...
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Synthesis of Monodisperse Cylindrical Nanoparticles via Crystallization-driven Self-assembly of Biodegradable Block Copolymers
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Semi-random vs Well-Defined Alternating Donor-Acceptor Copolymers.

Wade A Braunecker1, Stefan D Oosterhout1, Zbyslaw R Owczarczyk1

  • 1National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States.

ACS Macro Letters
|May 20, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers explored how backbone composition affects donor-acceptor (D-A) copolymers. Semi-random copolymers with an optimal D:A ratio of 2 showed higher organic photovoltaic device efficiencies than well-defined alternating polymers.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Organic Electronics

Background:

  • Donor-acceptor (D-A) copolymers are crucial for organic electronics.
  • Controlling backbone composition influences material properties.
  • Benzodithiophene (BDT) and thienoisoindoledione (TID) are common D-A building blocks.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of backbone composition on D-A copolymer properties.
  • To synthesize and characterize well-defined alternating and semi-random D-A copolymers.
  • To correlate polymer structure with optoelectronic and photophysical performance.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of bis- and tris-BDT monomers.
  • Stille copolymerization for alternating and semi-random D-A polymers.
  • Spectroscopic analysis (UV-Vis) and organic photovoltaic device fabrication.
  • Time-resolved microwave conductivity measurements.

Main Results:

  • Increasing acceptor content in semi-random D-A copolymers red-shifted absorbance spectra (687-883 nm).
  • Well-defined alternating copolymers exhibited more red-shifted spectra than semi-random ones.
  • Semi-random copolymers outperformed alternating copolymers in device efficiency, with an optimal D:A ratio of 2.

Conclusions:

  • Semi-random synthesis is a powerful strategy for tuning D-A material properties.
  • Backbone composition significantly impacts optoelectronic and photophysical characteristics.
  • Fine-tuning D:A ratios in semi-random copolymers enables systematic property modulation.