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Aluminum has become the material of choice for overhead transmission lines, surpassing copper due to its abundance and cost-effectiveness. The most prevalent type is the aluminum conductor, steel-reinforced (ACSR), which combines aluminum strands around a steel core. Other variants include all-aluminum conductors (AAC), all-aluminum alloy conductors (AAAC), aluminum conductor alloy-reinforced (ACAR), and aluminum-clad steel conductors. Advanced designs, such as aluminum conductors with steel...
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Proportional Integral (PI) controllers are a fundamental component in modern control systems, widely used to enhance performance and mitigate steady-state errors. They are particularly effective in applications such as automatic brightness adjustment on smartphones, where they excel at mitigating steady-state errors for step-function inputs. Unlike PD controllers, which require time-varying errors to function optimally, PI controllers leverage their integral component to address residual...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 22, 2025

Large Scale Energy Efficient Sensor Network Routing Using a Quantum Processor Unit
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Published on: September 8, 2023

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Design and Implementation of a Multi-Hop Real-Time LoRa Protocol for Dynamic LoRa Networks.

Huu Phi Tran1, Woo-Sung Jung2, Dae-Seung Yoo2

  • 1Department of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, University of Ulsan, Ulsan 680-749, Korea.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
|May 20, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces a multi-hop LoRa protocol to enhance data transmission reliability in dynamic industrial settings. The novel protocol ensures over 97% packet delivery for mobile nodes, overcoming challenges like interference and mobility.

Keywords:
dynamic networkmobilitymulti-hop LoRa protocolreal-time schedulingreliable transmission

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Area of Science:

  • Wireless Communication
  • Internet of Things (IoT)
  • Network Protocols

Background:

  • LoRa (Long Range) technology offers extended communication range and reliability.
  • Industrial environments present challenges like node mobility, signal attenuation, and interference, compromising LoRa's performance.
  • Existing protocols may not adequately address the complexities of dynamic, multi-hop LoRa networks.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose a new multi-hop LoRa protocol designed for high reliability in dynamic industrial environments.
  • To extend the Two-Hop RT-LoRa protocol by incorporating features for dynamic multi-hop networks.
  • To address challenges including automatic network configuration, dynamic topology management, and real-time schedule updates.

Main Methods:

  • Development of a novel multi-hop LoRa protocol building upon the Two-Hop RT-LoRa framework.
  • Implementation of automatic configuration for multi-hop LoRa networks.
  • Integration of dynamic topology management and real-time slot schedule updating mechanisms.
  • Simulation and experimental validation in campus deployment scenarios.

Main Results:

  • Simulations demonstrated over 97% reliability for mobile nodes with low control overhead.
  • Experimental evaluations in campus deployments achieved high packet delivery rates.
  • Achieved over 97% packet delivery for 1-hop nodes and 95% for 2-hop nodes despite node mobility.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed multi-hop LoRa protocol effectively enhances data transmission reliability in dynamic industrial networks.
  • The protocol successfully overcomes challenges posed by node mobility, signal attenuation, and interference.
  • Results indicate high packet delivery rates and manageable control overhead, making it suitable for industrial IoT applications.