Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Radial System Protection01:23

Radial System Protection

154
Radial systems employ time-delay overcurrent relays to reduce load interruptions. When a fault occurs, the nearest breaker opens first, while upstream breakers remain closed due to longer delay settings. This approach ensures minimal disruption to the rest of the system.
In a radial system with a fault downstream of the third breaker, ideally, only the third breaker will open, isolating the fault and interrupting the load connected beyond it. The second breaker has a longer delay setting,...
154
Pilot and Numeric Relaying01:21

Pilot and Numeric Relaying

140
Pilot relaying is a type of differential protection used in power systems. It compares electrical quantities at the terminals of equipment via a communication channel instead of direct relay interconnection. This method is essential for transmission lines where the terminals are far apart, typically up to 80 km for lines with 69 to 115 kV ratings. Four types of communication channels are used for pilot relaying:
140
Zones of Protection01:16

Zones of Protection

369
In power systems, the entire setup is divided into protective zones to isolate faults and protect the rest of the network. These zones include generators, transformers, buses, transmission lines, distribution lines, and motors. Each zone can be visualized as a separate room in a house, with each room protected by its own circuit breaker.
Protective zones are defined by closed dashed lines, containing one or more components. A key characteristic of these zones is the strategic placement of...
369
Line Protection with Impedance Relays01:27

Line Protection with Impedance Relays

138
Coordinating time-delay overcurrent relays in complex radial systems and directional overcurrent relays in multi-source transmission loops can be challenging. Impedance relays address these issues by responding to the voltage-to-current ratio, specifically measuring the apparent impedance of a line. These relays become more sensitive during faults as current increases and voltage decreases, thereby reducing the apparent impedance.
Under normal conditions, low load currents keep the measured...
138
Routh-Hurwitz Criterion I01:15

Routh-Hurwitz Criterion I

343
Consider an electrical power grid, where stability is essential to prevent blackouts. The Routh-Hurwitz criterion is a valuable tool for assessing system stability under varying load conditions or faults. By analyzing the closed-loop transfer function, the Routh-Hurwitz criterion helps determine whether the system remains stable.
To apply the Routh-Hurwitz criterion, a Routh table is constructed. The table's rows are labeled with powers of the complex frequency variable s, starting from the...
343
Lossless Lines01:23

Lossless Lines

184
In electrical engineering, a lossless transmission line is characterized by a purely imaginary propagation constant and a resistive characteristic impedance. The ABCD parameters, which describe the relationship between the input and output voltages and currents, indicate an equivalent π circuit with an imaginary series impedance and a shunt admittance. This results in a transmission line that, when the product of the phase constant (beta) and the length of the line is less than pi,...
184

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Machine Learning Approaches Using High-Throughput Profiling Data for Antibiotic Discovery.

ACS infectious diseases·2026
Same author

From Risk Stratification to Prevention of Myocardial Infarction: Integrating Imaging and Biomarkers in the Perioperative Setting.

Biomedicines·2026
Same author

Distinct genetic programs drive antibiotic resistance and intracellular invasion in emerging MRSA strains.

mSystems·2026
Same author

Incremental Prognostic Value of NT-proBNP Beyond Treadmill Testing for Perioperative Cardiovascular Events in Noncardiac Surgery Candidates: Results from a Multicenter Prospective Cohort.

Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland)·2026
Same author

Incremental prognostic value of coronary CTA after treadmill testing in noncardiac surgery candidates: Results from a multicenter prospective cohort.

Progress in cardiovascular diseases·2026
Same author

Co-selection for heavy metal and multidrug resistance: Cadmium primes bacterial antibiotic resistance by enhancing intrinsic oxidative stress tolerance.

Ecotoxicology and environmental safety·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 22, 2025

Author Spotlight: Evaluating Biophysical Assays for Characterizing PROTACS Ternary Complexes
07:22

Author Spotlight: Evaluating Biophysical Assays for Characterizing PROTACS Ternary Complexes

Published on: January 12, 2024

3.7K

Fault-Free Protection Level Equation for CLAS PPP-RTK and Experimental Evaluations.

Euiho Kim1, Jaeyoung Song2, Yujin Shin3

  • 1Department of Mechanical & System Design Engineering, Hongik University, Seoul 04006, Korea.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
|May 20, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces a new fault-free protection level equation for Centimeter level augmentation system (CLAS) Precise Point Positioning-Real Time Kinematic (PPP-RTK) services. The proposed equation ensures computed protection levels exceed actual position errors for reliable navigation.

Keywords:
GNSS precise positioningPPP-RTKintegrityprotection levels

More Related Videos

Effective Analysis of Human Exposure Conditions with Body-worn Dosimeters in the 2.4 GHz Band
06:43

Effective Analysis of Human Exposure Conditions with Body-worn Dosimeters in the 2.4 GHz Band

Published on: May 2, 2018

7.1K
Experimental Multiscale Methodology for Predicting Material Fouling Resistance
09:13

Experimental Multiscale Methodology for Predicting Material Fouling Resistance

1.5K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Sep 22, 2025

Author Spotlight: Evaluating Biophysical Assays for Characterizing PROTACS Ternary Complexes
07:22

Author Spotlight: Evaluating Biophysical Assays for Characterizing PROTACS Ternary Complexes

Published on: January 12, 2024

3.7K
Effective Analysis of Human Exposure Conditions with Body-worn Dosimeters in the 2.4 GHz Band
06:43

Effective Analysis of Human Exposure Conditions with Body-worn Dosimeters in the 2.4 GHz Band

Published on: May 2, 2018

7.1K
Experimental Multiscale Methodology for Predicting Material Fouling Resistance
09:13

Experimental Multiscale Methodology for Predicting Material Fouling Resistance

1.5K

Area of Science:

  • Satellite Navigation Systems
  • Geodesy and Geomatics Engineering
  • Signal Processing

Background:

  • The Centimeter level augmentation system (CLAS) of the Quasi-Zenith Satellite System (QZSS) is the first Precise Point Positioning-Real Time Kinematic (PPP-RTK) augmentation system providing services in Japan.
  • Existing Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) augmentation systems like Space-Based Augmentation System (SBAS) use correction quality indices to generate fault-free protection levels.
  • A rigorous protection level equation for CLAS PPP-RTK has not been established in scientific literature.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose a novel fault-free protection level equation specifically for PPP-RTK methods utilizing CLAS correction data.
  • To incorporate the probability of correct integer ambiguity fixes and CLAS correction quality into the protection level calculation.
  • To validate the proposed equation by comparing computed protection levels with actual position errors.

Main Methods:

  • Development of a new fault-free protection level equation for PPP-RTK.
  • Processing of GNSS measurements from GNSS Earth Observation Network (GEONET) stations in Japan.
  • Utilizing L6 messages from CLAS broadcasts and Virtual Reference Station-Real Time Kinematic (VRS-RTK) techniques for experimental validation.

Main Results:

  • The proposed protection level equations consistently produced values greater than the actual position errors across all tested epochs.
  • Root Mean Square (RMS) errors for CLAS VRS-RTK positioning were 4.6 cm horizontally and 14 cm vertically.
  • Computed horizontal protection levels ranged from 25 cm to 2.3 m, and vertical protection levels ranged from 50 cm to 5.2 m, with a fault-free integrity risk of 10^-7.

Conclusions:

  • The developed fault-free protection level equation is effective for CLAS PPP-RTK services, providing reliable bounds for user positions.
  • The method successfully accounts for integer ambiguity resolution and CLAS correction quality, enhancing navigation safety.
  • Experimental results confirm the practical applicability and accuracy of the proposed protection level calculation for high-precision GNSS applications.