Dietary Exosome-Like Nanoparticles: An Updated Review on Their Pharmacological and Drug Delivery Applications

Exosomes are lipid bilayer membrane-bound extracellular vesicular structures (30-150 nm) mainly released by eukaryotic cells of animal origin. Exosome-like nanoparticles (ELNs) are the vesicular structures originating from plant sources with features similar to eukaryotic animal cell derived exosomes. ELNs derived from dietary sources (dietary ELNs) have exceptional pharmacological potential in alleviating many diseases and are good in maintaining intestinal health through the manipulation of the gut microbiome. The dietary ELNs being highly biocompatible find their application in targeted therapy as well. They are being established as promising drug delivery agents and can also be developed into dietary supplements. This review highlights the ELNs derived from various dietary sources, their diversity in molecular compositions, potential health benefits, and drug delivery applications. Few clinical trials are attempted with dietary ELNs which are also described in the review along with their properties that can be exploited for the food and pharma industries in the future.