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Area of Science:

  • Quantum dynamics
  • Strong-field physics
  • Molecular ionization

Background:

  • Zeptosecond time delays were observed in single-photon molecular ionization.
  • Nondipole effects in molecular ionization remain less understood.
  • Investigating time delays in tunneling ionization is crucial for ultrafast molecular dynamics.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate nondipole time delays in molecular tunneling ionization.
  • To analyze photoelectron momentum distributions and their relation to molecular structure and laser parameters.
  • To understand the role of molecular orbital degeneracy in time delay signals.

Main Methods:

  • Development of a Coulomb-corrected nondipole molecular strong-field approximation.
  • Derivation and analysis of photoelectron momentum distributions.
  • Examination of interference fringes and momentum shifts.

Main Results:

  • Ejected electron momentum shifts and interference fringes encode molecular structure and laser parameters.
  • Nondipole time delays in tunneling ionization differ significantly from single-photon ionization.
  • When two-center interference is destructive, the time delay becomes independent of bond length.
  • Double-slit interference was identified in tunneling ionization of atoms with nonzero angular momentum.

Conclusions:

  • The developed approximation provides insights into nondipole effects in molecular tunneling ionization.
  • Nondipole time delays offer a new probe of molecular structure and ultrafast dynamics.
  • The findings pave the way for controlling and interpreting attosecond electron dynamics in molecules.