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Updated: Sep 22, 2025

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Quantum Key Distribution over 658 km Fiber with Distributed Vibration Sensing.

Jiu-Peng Chen1,2,3, Chi Zhang1,2,3, Yang Liu3

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Twin-field quantum key distribution (TFQKD) achieved a record 658 km secure key distribution. This quantum communication method also demonstrated potential for remote sensing of channel vibrations, aiding applications like earthquake detection.

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Area of Science:

  • Quantum Information Science
  • Optical Communications
  • Sensing Technology

Background:

  • Twin-field quantum key distribution (TFQKD) offers extended secure communication ranges beyond traditional limits.
  • Existing TFQKD systems have demonstrated secure key distribution over 500 km.
  • Phase fluctuations in quantum channels can be a source of noise but also contain valuable environmental information.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To experimentally demonstrate a new distance record for TFQKD.
  • To explore the use of TFQKD phase information for remote sensing of channel vibrations.
  • To assess the feasibility of TFQKD for applications beyond secure communication.

Main Methods:

  • Implementation of a sending-or-not-sending TFQKD protocol.
  • Utilizing phase fluctuation data from the quantum channel for vibration sensing.
  • Conducting experiments with artificial vibrations to test sensing capabilities over a 658 km fiber link.

Main Results:

  • Achieved secure key distribution over a 658 km ultra-low-loss optical fiber, setting a new distance record.
  • Successfully recovered and located external vibrational perturbations with a resolution better than 1 km.
  • Demonstrated the dual capability of TFQKD for secure communication and environmental sensing.

Conclusions:

  • TFQKD can establish secure communication links over unprecedented distances.
  • Phase information within TFQKD systems can be leveraged for high-resolution remote sensing of channel vibrations.
  • This technology has potential applications in areas such as earthquake monitoring and landslide detection, in addition to secure communications.