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Inflammatory Response

Inflammatory Response

An inflammatory response is a localized, nonspecific immune reaction that occurs when a tissue is injured. It is characterized by redness, swelling, heat, and pain, which are commonly called the cardinal signs and symptoms of inflammation. Inflammation can sometimes result in a loss of function.
Inflammation can be triggered by various stimuli, such as impact, abrasion, chemical irritation, infections, and extreme hot or cold temperatures. These can damage cells and connective tissue fibers,...

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Updated: Sep 22, 2025

Catalytic Scavenging of Plant Reactive Oxygen Species In Vivo by Anionic Cerium Oxide Nanoparticles

Catalytic Scavenging of Plant Reactive Oxygen Species In Vivo by Anionic Cerium Oxide Nanoparticles

Published on: August 26, 2018

Cerium dioxide, a Jekyll and Hyde nanomaterial, can increase basal and decrease elevated inflammation and oxidative

Robert A Yokel¹, Marsha L Ensor¹, Hemendra J Vekaria²

¹Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0596, USA.

Nanomedicine : Nanotechnology, Biology, and Medicine

|May 20, 2022

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

The catalyst nanoceria demonstrated potential to modulate macrophage inflammatory and metabolic responses. Nanoceria exposure shifted macrophage phenotypes, suggesting a role in regulating immune cell behavior.

Keywords:

Cerium Morphological and microscopic findings Nanoparticles Oxygen consumption RAW 264.7 cells

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Published on: December 27, 2024

Area of Science:

Biomedical Engineering
Immunology
Materials Science

Background:

Nanoceria (cerium oxide nanoparticles) are investigated for their antioxidant properties.
Macrophages play critical roles in inflammation and immune responses.
Understanding nanoparticle-macrophage interactions is crucial for therapeutic applications.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the effect of nanoceria on different macrophage phenotypes (M0, M1-like, M2-like).
To determine how nanoceria influences inflammatory markers and metabolic activity in macrophages.
To assess changes in macrophage morphology and phenotype expression upon nanoceria exposure.

Main Methods:

Exposure of RAW 264.7 macrophage cell lines (M0, M1-like, M2-like) to nanoceria.
Quantification of inflammatory markers (IL-1β, arginase activity, RT-qPCR).
Assessment of metabolic function using mitochondrial and glycolysis stress tests (MST and GST).
Morphological analysis via light microscopy and 3D immunohistochemistry.
Evaluation of macrophage phenotype marker expression.

Main Results:

Nanoceria treatment blocked IL-1β and arginase effects in macrophages.
Increased M0 cell oxygen consumption rate (OCR) and glycolysis stress test (GST) towards an M2-like phenotype.
Altered M1-like and M2-like cell responses towards the basal M0 level.
Observed morphological changes: M1-like cells showed greater volume and reduced circularity; M2-like cells had increased volume compared to M0.

Conclusions:

Nanoceria can modulate macrophage inflammatory and metabolic states.
The results support the hypothesis that nanoceria can reduce elevated inflammation/oxidative stress and influence basal states.
Nanoceria exhibit potential as regulators of macrophage phenotype and function.