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Related Concept Videos

Spindle Assembly02:50

Spindle Assembly

3.8K
Spindle assembly occurs through three, often coexisting, pathways – the centrosome-mediated pathway, the chromatin-mediated pathway, and the microtubule-mediated pathway – collectively contributing to form a robust spindle apparatus.
In most cells, centrosomes are the primary microtubule nucleation centers. In the centrosome-mediated pathway, the G2-prophase transition triggers centrosome maturation and increased microtubule nucleation. Progressive nucleation results in a...
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Mitosis and Cytokinesis01:35

Mitosis and Cytokinesis

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In eukaryotes, the cell division cycle is divided into distinct, coordinated cellular processes that include cell growth, DNA replication/chromosome duplication, chromosome distribution to daughter cells, and finally, cell division. The cell cycle is tightly regulated by its regulatory systems as well as extracellular signals that affect cell proliferation.
The processes of the cell cycle occur over approximately 24 hours (in typical human cells) and in two major distinguishable stages. The...
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Centrioles and Centrosomes01:13

Centrioles and Centrosomes

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Most animal cells comprise a pair of centrioles together called a centrosome. The cell duplicates its centrosome and contains two centrosomes side-by-side, which begin to move apart during the prophase. As the centrosomes migrate to two different sides of the cell, microtubules start extending from each centrosome toward the other end. The mitotic spindle is composed of the centrosomes and their emerging microtubules.
Near the end of the prophase, also called late prophase or...
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The Mitotic Spindle02:27

The Mitotic Spindle

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The mitotic spindle—or spindle apparatus—is a eukaryotic, cytoskeletal structure made up of long protein fibers called microtubules. Formed during cell division, the spindle separates sister chromatids and moves them to opposite ends of a parental cell, where the now individual chromosomes are distributed to two daughter cell nuclei.
The bipolar configuration of the mitotic spindle facilitates chromosomal segregation, preparing the cell for division. One mechanism that ensures...
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The Spindle Assembly Checkpoint02:19

The Spindle Assembly Checkpoint

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The spindle assembly checkpoint is a molecular surveillance mechanism ensuring the fidelity of chromosome segregation during anaphase. The checkpoint monitors the completion of all the prerequisite steps before chromosome segregation to determine whether the segregation process should proceed or be delayed.
Many proteins function together to control the spindle assembly checkpoint. Mutations affecting these proteins may allow cells to proceed into anaphase prematurely, resulting in the...
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Determining the Plane of Cell Division02:13

Determining the Plane of Cell Division

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Positioning the cell division plane is a critical step during development and cell differentiation, particularly during mitosis when the plane is essential for determining the size of the two daughter cells. The cell division plane is perpendicular to the plane of chromosome segregation, but different types of organisms have different cell division mechanisms to suit their morphology and function. 
Animal cells
In animal cells, the cleavage furrow forms along the plane of cell division...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 22, 2025

Reconstitution of Basic Mitotic Spindles in Spherical Emulsion Droplets
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Reconstitution of Basic Mitotic Spindles in Spherical Emulsion Droplets

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Spindle Assembly and Mitosis in Plants.

Bo Liu1, Yuh-Ru Julie Lee1

  • 1Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, California, USA; email: bliu@ucdavis.edu, yjlee@ucdavis.edu.

Annual Review of Plant Biology
|May 20, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Plant cells uniquely build bipolar spindles without centrosomes, using distinct proteins for cell division. Further research into these novel proteins will reveal conserved and unique mechanisms of genetic material segregation across eukaryotes.

Keywords:
Aurora kinasecentral spindlekinesinsmicrotubule nucleationmitosisprophase spindlespindle assembly checkpointγ-tubulin

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Last Updated: Sep 22, 2025

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Plant cells assemble bipolar spindles lacking centrosomes, unlike fungal and animal cells.
  • Plant spindle assembly involves unique proteins and mechanisms compared to other eukaryotes.
  • Knowledge gaps exist regarding plant spindle microtubule remodeling during anaphase.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate novel proteins involved in plant spindle assembly.
  • To elucidate the mechanisms of plant mitotic spindle formation and regulation.
  • To compare plant spindle assembly with conserved mechanisms in fungi and animals.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative genomics to identify conserved and divergent spindle assembly factors.
  • Proteomics to discover novel plant-specific spindle proteins.
  • Live-cell imaging to observe spindle dynamics in plant cells.

Main Results:

  • Identified several novel proteins crucial for plant spindle assembly.
  • Demonstrated plasticity in plant spindle structure and function.
  • Highlighted differences in spindle assembly checkpoint regulation in plants.

Conclusions:

  • Plant cells utilize a unique set of proteins for spindle assembly, showcasing evolutionary divergence.
  • Understanding plant spindle mechanisms provides insights into eukaryotic cell division.
  • Further research on novel plant proteins will illuminate conserved and divergent pathways for genetic segregation.