Entropy and crystal-facet modulation of P2-type layered cathodes for long-lasting sodium-based batteries

P2-type sodium manganese-rich layered oxides are promising cathode candidates for sodium-based batteries because of their appealing cost-effective and capacity features. However, the structural distortion and cationic rearrangement induced by irreversible phase transition and anionic redox reaction at high cell voltage (i.e., >4.0 V) cause sluggish Na-ion kinetics and severe capacity decay. To circumvent these issues, here, we report a strategy to develop P2-type layered cathodes via configurational entropy and ion-diffusion structural tuning. In situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction combined with electrochemical kinetic tests and microstructural characterizations reveal that the entropy-tuned Na_0.62Mn_0.67Ni_0.23Cu_0.05Mg_0.07Ti_0.01O₂ (CuMgTi-571) cathode possesses more {010} active facet, improved structural and thermal stability and faster anionic redox kinetics compared to Na_0.62Mn_0.67Ni_0.37O₂. When tested in combination with a Na metal anode and a non-aqueous NaClO₄-based electrolyte solution in coin cell configuration, the CuMgTi-571-based positive electrode enables an 87% capacity retention after 500 cycles at 120 mA g^-1 and about 75% capacity retention after 2000 cycles at 1.2 A g^-1.