Related Experiment Video
Updated: Sep 22, 2025
Estimating Bilateral Atrial Function by Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Feature Tracking in Patients with Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation
Published on: July 20, 2022
Reproducibility and stability of atrial fibrillation drivers identified by an automated algorithm: CARTOFINDER
Tetsuma Kawaji1,2, Takanori Aizawa3, Shun Hojo4
1Department of Cardiology, Mitsubishi Kyoto Hospital, 1 Katsura Gosho-cho, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, 615-8087, Japan. kawaji@kuhp.kyoto-u.ac.jp.
Background:
The characteristics of atrial fibrillation (AF) drivers identified by CARTOFINDER have not been thoroughly evaluated. Therefore, the current study was sought to validate the reliability of AF drivers.
Methods:
The reliability of focal and rotational activation identified by CARTOFINDER during AF was assessed by the sequential recordings in each site before and after pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) in 27 persistent AF patients. The primary outcome measures were the reproducibility rate during the sequential recordings and the stability rate between pre- and post-PVI.
Results:
Among 32,135 points in 509 sites, focal activation was identified in 1775 points (5.5%) with a repetition of 11 (6-26) times during the recording. Rotational activation was identified in 132 points (0.4%) with a repetition number of 21 (14-21) times. AF drivers had significantly higher voltage and shorter AF cycle length than non-AF driver sites. The reproducibility rate of focal activation during the sequential recordings was 57.8% and increased with the repetition number. The reproducibility rate of rotational activation was 37.4%. The prevalence and the reproducibility rate of focal activation in post-PVI were significantly lower than pre-PVI (5.3% versus 6.0%, P = 0.02; 53.4% versus 63.6%, P < 0.001). The stability rate of focal activation between pre- and post-PVI was only 28.3% but increased with the repetition number. There was no stable rotational activation between pre- and post-PVI.
Conclusions:
The reproducibility of AF drivers, especially focal activation, identified by CARTOFINDER is relatively favorable, but the stability between pre- and post-PVI was poor. These results depended on the repetition number during the recording.
