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Related Concept Videos

Factors Affecting Drug Response: Overview01:21

Factors Affecting Drug Response: Overview

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When it comes to infants and young children, they are typically administered smaller doses of medication in comparison to adults. This is primarily because their organ functions still need to fully develop, meaning their bodies are not as efficient at metabolizing or eliminating drugs. Additionally, their blood-brain barrier is more permeable than in adults. As a result, high concentrations of drugs can easily penetrate the central nervous system (CNS), potentially leading to neurological...
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Prescription, Nonprescription and Orphan Drugs01:02

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Prescription drugs require a prescription from a medical practitioner and can only be obtained from a pharmacy. They have many applications, including treating pain, anxiety, and hypertension.
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Preclinical Development: Overview01:28

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Preclinical development consists of a series of tests that ensure the safety and efficacy of a new therapeutic compound before it is tested in humans. There are four main phases to this process. First, safety pharmacology tests are conducted to ensure the drug does not produce any acutely harmful effects. These tests examine parameters such as bronchoconstriction, cardiac dysrhythmias, blood pressure changes, and ataxia. Next, preliminary toxicological testing is performed to determine the...
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Drug Discovery: Overview01:26

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Drug discovery is a multifaceted process involving extensive screening, testing, and optimization of lead compounds to identify potential new drugs for therapeutic use. It combines several approaches, including screening large numbers of natural products, chemical modification of known active molecules, identification of new drug targets, and rational design based on biological mechanisms and drug-receptor structure. These approaches are carried out in both academic research laboratories and...
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Drug Delivery: Miscellaneous Routes01:22

Drug Delivery: Miscellaneous Routes

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Drug delivery methods like oral inhalation, nasal sprays, transdermal patches, eye drops, intravitreal injection,  and rectal administration provide localized effects with reduced toxicity.
Oral inhalation and nasal sprays swiftly transfer drugs across the respiratory epithelium's mucosal layer. Inhaled glucocorticoids and bronchodilators directly target lung conditions such as asthma, while fluticasone nasal spray mitigates allergic rhinitis.
Transdermal patches transport drugs...
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Clinical Trials: Overview01:11

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Clinical development focuses on how the drug will interact with the human body and encompasses four key phases of clinical trials, each serving a specific purpose in assessing the safety and effectiveness of new drugs. These phases overlap and build upon one another. Phase I involves a small group of healthy volunteers (typically 20-80 individuals) or, in cases where significant toxicity is expected, patients with the targeted disease, such as cancer or AIDS. The volunteers are tested for...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 22, 2025

Dry Powder and Nebulized Aerosol Inhalation of Pharmaceuticals Delivered to Mice Using a Nose-only Exposure System
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Health Equity in Pediatric Drug Development: Translating Aspiration into Operation.

Morenike Oluwatoyin Folayan1, Magda Conway2, Carolyn Russo3

  • 1Department of Child Dental Health, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria.

Therapeutic Innovation & Regulatory Science
|May 20, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Achieving health equity in pediatric drug development requires addressing under-represented community barriers. Case studies demonstrate community engagement strategies to foster participation and improve access to novel therapeutics.

Keywords:
AccessAdolescentChildDrug developmentEngagementHealth equityStakeholders

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Area of Science:

  • Health Services Research
  • Pediatric Clinical Trials
  • Health Equity

Background:

  • Health equity necessitates equitable access to all healthcare, including pediatric drug development.
  • Under-represented communities face significant barriers (geographic, economic, racial/ethnic, legal, cultural, linguistic) in pediatric clinical research.
  • Global health organizations emphasize community engagement as crucial for equitable healthcare systems.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present case studies on stakeholder and community engagement in clinical research.
  • To provide examples of strategies for involving under-represented communities in pediatric drug development.
  • To offer templates for operationalizing equity in pediatric drug development.

Main Methods:

  • Review of case studies focusing on rare diseases and other healthcare areas.
  • Analysis of strategies for community and stakeholder engagement in clinical research.
  • Identification of best practices for fostering participation of under-represented groups.

Main Results:

  • Identified diverse barriers hindering participation of under-represented communities in pediatric drug development.
  • Highlighted successful engagement strategies from various case studies.
  • Demonstrated the potential of community collaboration to overcome participation hurdles.

Conclusions:

  • Community engagement and collaboration are essential for achieving health equity in pediatric drug development.
  • Case studies offer practical templates for involving diverse populations in clinical research.
  • Implementing these strategies can translate aspirations of equity into operational reality.