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Related Concept Videos

Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism00:57

Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

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The cationic polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination. In the initiation step of the polymerization process, the π bond of a monomer gets protonated by the Lewis acid catalyst, which is formed from boron trifluoride and water. The protonation of the π bond generates a carbocation stabilized by the electron‐donating group. In the propagation step, the π bond of the second monomer acts as a nucleophile and attacks the...
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Polymers02:34

Polymers

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The word polymer is derived from the Greek words “poly” which means “many” and “mer” which means “parts”. Polymers are long chains of molecules composed of repeating units of smaller molecules, known as monomers. They either occur naturally, such as DNA and proteins, or can be constructed synthetically, like plastics. They have varied structural characteristics, such as linear chains, branched chains, or complex networks, that contribute to the...
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Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:03

Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview

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Step-growth or condensation polymerization is a stepwise reaction of bi or multifunctional monomers to form long-chain polymers. As all the monomers are reactive, most of the monomers are consumed at the early stages of the reaction to form small chains of reactive oligomers, which then combine to form long polymer chains in the late stages. Hence, the reaction has to proceed for a long time to achieve high molecular weight polymers.
Many natural and synthetic polymers are produced by...
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Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism01:04

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

2.1K
The mechanism for anionic chain-growth polymerization involves initiation, propagation, and termination steps. In the initiation step, a nucleophilic anion, such as butyl lithium, initiates the polymerization process by attacking the π bond of the vinylic monomer. As a result, a carbanion, stabilized by the electron‐withdrawing group, is generated. The resulting carbanion acts as a Michael donor in the propagation step and attacks the second vinylic monomer, which acts as a Michael...
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Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:20

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

2.2K
The polymerization process that involves carbanion as an intermediate is called anionic polymerization. It is also a type of addition or chain-growth polymerization. Anionic polymerization gets initiated by a strong nucleophile such as an organolithium or a Grignard reagent. The most commonly used initiator for anionic polymerization is butyl lithium. Monomers involved in anionic polymerization must possess a vinyl group bonded to one or two electron-withdrawing groups. For instance,...
2.2K
Free-Radical Chain Reaction and Polymerization of Alkenes02:35

Free-Radical Chain Reaction and Polymerization of Alkenes

8.2K
The conversion of alkenes to macromolecules called polymers is a reaction of high commercial importance. The structure of the polymer is defined by a repeating unit, while the terminal groups are considered insignificant. The average degree of polymerization represents the number of repeating units in the polymer molecule and is denoted by the subscript n.
8.2K

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 22, 2025

Controlled Photoredox Ring-Opening Polymerization of O-Carboxyanhydrides Mediated by Ni/Zn Complexes
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Controlled Photoredox Ring-Opening Polymerization of O-Carboxyanhydrides Mediated by Ni/Zn Complexes

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Conjugated Polymers à la Carte from Time-Controlled Direct (Hetero)Arylation Polymerization.

Pierre-Olivier Morin1, Thomas Bura1, Bin Sun2

  • 1Département de Chimie, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC Canada, G1V 0A6.

ACS Macro Letters
|May 21, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Time-controlled direct arylation polymerization yields well-defined semiconducting polymers. This method offers a low-cost, environmentally friendly alternative for producing conjugated polymers for plastic electronics.

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Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization of Functionalized Vinyl Monomers Using Perylene as a Visible Light Photocatalyst
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A Microwave-Assisted Direct Heteroarylation of Ketones Using Transition Metal Catalysis
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A Microwave-Assisted Direct Heteroarylation of Ketones Using Transition Metal Catalysis

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Sep 22, 2025

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Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization of Functionalized Vinyl Monomers Using Perylene as a Visible Light Photocatalyst
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A Microwave-Assisted Direct Heteroarylation of Ketones Using Transition Metal Catalysis
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A Microwave-Assisted Direct Heteroarylation of Ketones Using Transition Metal Catalysis

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Area of Science:

  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Organic Electronics

Background:

  • Direct (hetero)arylation polymerization (DHAP) is a promising method for synthesizing conjugated polymers due to its simplicity, cost-effectiveness, and environmental benefits.
  • However, DHAP often suffers from a lack of selectivity when multiple aromatic C-H bonds are present, limiting the precise control over polymer structure.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the potential of time-controlled direct (hetero)arylation polymerization (DHAP) for producing well-defined and processable semiconducting polymers.
  • To demonstrate the versatility of this controlled DHAP approach using various aromatic monomers.
  • To compare the properties of polymers synthesized via controlled DHAP with those obtained through traditional Stille and Suzuki coupling methods.

Main Methods:

  • Implementation of time-controlled reaction conditions for direct (hetero)arylation polymerization.
  • Polymerization of diverse aromatic monomers including 2,7-dibromofluorene, 2,7-dibromocarbazole, 1,4-dibromobenzene, bithiophene, dithienyl-benzothiadiazole, and diketopyrrolopyrrole derivatives.
  • Characterization of the resulting polymers' structural integrity, processability, and electronic properties.

Main Results:

  • Well-defined and processable semiconducting polymers were successfully synthesized using time-controlled DHAP.
  • A range of aromatic compounds were efficiently polymerized, demonstrating the broad applicability of the method.
  • The synthesized polymers exhibited properties comparable or superior to those produced via Stille and Suzuki polymerization.

Conclusions:

  • Time-controlled DHAP enables the selective synthesis of high-quality conjugated polymers.
  • This approach provides a viable and cost-effective route for the production of advanced semiconducting polymers.
  • The findings pave the way for the low-cost manufacturing of conjugated polymers essential for the advancement of plastic electronics.