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Trained immunity: implications for vaccination.

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Trained immunity, a concept beyond adaptive immunity, enhances immune responses through epigenetic and metabolic reprogramming. Live attenuated vaccines can induce this memory, improving overall health outcomes beyond targeted diseases.

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Vaccinology
  • Epigenetics

Background:

  • Adaptive immunity was traditionally considered the sole mechanism for immunological memory.
  • Live attenuated vaccines (e.g., BCG, measles, oral polio) demonstrate mortality benefits exceeding their specific disease targets.
  • This suggests broader immune system modulation beyond adaptive responses.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To challenge the dogma of adaptive immunity as the only source of immunological memory.
  • To review the mechanisms and recent advancements in the field of trained immunity.
  • To highlight the impact of trained immunity on overall health and vaccine efficacy.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on trained immunity.
  • Analysis of studies investigating epigenetic and metabolic reprogramming in immune cells.
  • Examination of clinical data on live attenuated vaccines and their non-specific effects.

Main Results:

  • Trained immunity involves epigenetic and metabolic reprogramming of bone marrow progenitor cells.
  • Functional changes in tissue-resident immune cells contribute to enhanced secondary responses.
  • Live attenuated vaccines are potent inducers of trained immunity, leading to reduced overall mortality.

Conclusions:

  • Trained immunity represents a non-specific, innate form of immune memory.
  • This innate immune memory can be induced by live attenuated vaccines.
  • Trained immunity offers a new perspective on vaccine-induced protection and overall health benefits.