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Related Concept Videos

Electrocardiogram01:29

Electrocardiogram

3.3K
An electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG) is a critical diagnostic tool that records the electrical signals produced by the heart during each heartbeat. This recording is achieved through electrodes placed strategically on the arms, legs, and chest. The electrocardiograph amplifies these signals and produces 12 distinct tracings, offering a comprehensive understanding of the heart's electrical activity.
Three major waveforms are present in a typical ECG recording: the P wave, the QRS complex, and...
3.3K
Electrocardiogram Fundamentals01:28

Electrocardiogram Fundamentals

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Introduction
An electrocardiogram (ECG) is a diagnostic tool for identifying cardiac conditions such as arrhythmias, conduction abnormalities, and myocardial ischemia.
Definition
An electrocardiogram (ECG) visualizes the heart's electrical activity by tracing the electrical movement associated with each heartbeat on a graph or monitor. As the heart beats, an electrical wave passes through it, correlating with the cardiac cycle events.
Parts of an ECG
An ECG utilizes electrodes on the skin...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 22, 2025

Real-Time Cardiac Mapping with a Noninvasive Imageless Electrocardiographic Imaging System
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Digitizing ECG image: A new method and open-source software code.

Julian D Fortune1, Natalie E Coppa1, Kazi T Haq2

  • 1Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States.

Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine
|May 22, 2022
PubMed
Summary

We created an open-source ECG digitization tool to analyze paper ECGs. Asynchronous ECG leads introduce the most measurement discrepancies, impacting accuracy in digital electrocardiogram analysis.

Keywords:
DigitizationECGECG paper digital conversionPaper ECG digitizingPaper-to-digital conversion

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Medical Informatics

Background:

  • Electrocardiograms (ECGs) are crucial for diagnosing cardiac conditions.
  • Digitizing historical or paper-based ECGs is essential for modern analysis.
  • Existing digitization methods may introduce measurement errors.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and validate an open-source software tool for digitizing paper ECGs.
  • To assess the agreement of ECG measurements using different beat types (simultaneous, asynchronous digital, digitized asynchronous).
  • To identify sources of disagreement in ECG measurements between digital and digitized formats.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized data from 230 participants with both digital and paper ECGs.
  • Split data into development (n=150) and validation (n=80) sets.
  • Employed Bland-Altman analysis to compare ECG and vectorcardiogram (VCG) measurements across various beat types.

Main Results:

  • High correlation (0.977) and low error between digitally recorded and digitized signals.
  • High agreement for digitized representative beats (ICC 0.988, ρc 0.97).
  • Moderate agreement for asynchronous ECG leads (ICC 0.95, ρc 0.90), indicating primary source of disagreement.

Conclusions:

  • An open-source ECG digitization tool was successfully developed and validated.
  • Asynchronous ECG leads are identified as the main contributors to measurement discrepancies.
  • The tool facilitates accurate digitization of paper ECGs for research and clinical use.