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Determination

Determination

During embryogenesis, cells become progressively committed to different fates through a two-step process: specification followed by determination. Specification is demonstrated by removing a segment of an early embryo, “neutrally” culturing the tissue in vitro—for example, in a petri dish with simple medium—and then observing the derivatives. If the cultured region gives rise to cell types that it would normally generate in the embryo, this means that it is specified. In...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 22, 2025

Stem cell-like Xenopus Embryonic Explants to Study Early Neural Developmental Features In Vitro and In Vivo

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Published on: February 2, 2016

Xenopus Dusp6 modulates FGF signaling to precisely pattern pre-placodal ectoderm.

Kohei Tsukano¹, Takayoshi Yamamoto¹, Tomoko Watanabe¹

¹Department of Life Sciences (Biology), Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1, Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8902, Japan.

Developmental Biology

|May 22, 2022

Summary

Dusp6 is crucial for forming pre-placodal ectoderm (PPE) and sensory organs in Xenopus development. This gene ensures robust patterning by mediating fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling, overcoming individual variations.

Keywords:

Ectoderm patterning FGF Pre-placodal ectoderm Xenopus

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Last Updated: Sep 22, 2025

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Using Confocal Analysis of Xenopus laevis to Investigate Modulators of Wnt and Shh Morphogen Gradients

Using Confocal Analysis of Xenopus laevis to Investigate Modulators of Wnt and Shh Morphogen Gradients

Published on: December 14, 2015

Area of Science:

Developmental biology
Molecular genetics
Neuroscience

Background:

Pre-placodal ectoderm (PPE) forms sensory organs and ganglia during vertebrate development.
Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling is essential for PPE induction.
Variations in FGF signaling complicate reproducible PPE induction.

Purpose of the Study:

Investigate the role of Dusp6, an intracellular FGF signaling regulator, in early Xenopus development.
Determine Dusp6's function in pre-placodal ectoderm (PPE) formation and patterning.
Elucidate how Dusp6 contributes to robust FGF signaling during development.

Main Methods:

Studied Dusp6 expression in Xenopus PPE.
Performed gain- and loss-of-function experiments for Dusp6.
Utilized FGF-bead implantation combined with Dusp6 knockdown.

Main Results:

Dusp6 is expressed in an FGF-dependent manner in Xenopus PPE.
Dusp6 is essential for Six1 expression and patterning of neural plate and neural crest.
Dusp6 knockdown with FGF-bead implantation revealed variability in Six1 expression.

Conclusions:

Dusp6 plays a critical role in pre-placodal ectoderm (PPE) formation.
Dusp6 mediates FGF signaling to ensure robust patterning of the PPE.
Dusp6 helps overcome individual variations in FGF production for consistent developmental outcomes.