Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Storage01:23

Storage

141
A schema is a mental framework that helps individuals organize and interpret information. Schemata, formed from previous experiences, influence how we process new information: how we encode it, the inferences we make, and how we retrieve it. For instance, a schema for what a typical classroom looks like might include desks, a teacher's desk, a whiteboard, and students in such an environment. This expectation helps us quickly understand and navigate new classrooms without needing to analyze...
141
Neural Circuits01:25

Neural Circuits

1.7K
Neural circuits and neuronal pools are two of the main structures found in the nervous system. Neural circuits are networks of neurons that work together to carry out a specific task or process. They consist of interconnected neurons and glial cells, which provide structural and metabolic support.
Neuronal pools are collections of nerve cells with similar functions and interact through chemical and electrical signals. These pools include both interneurons (the central neural circuit nodes that...
1.7K
Parallel Processing01:20

Parallel Processing

254
The brain processes sensory information rapidly due to parallel processing, which involves sending data across multiple neural pathways at the same time. This method allows the brain to manage various sensory qualities, such as shapes, colors, movements, and locations, all concurrently. For instance, when observing a forest landscape, the brain simultaneously processes the movement of leaves, the shapes of trees, the depth between them, and the various shades of green. This enables a quick and...
254
Somatosensory, Motor, and Association Cortex01:24

Somatosensory, Motor, and Association Cortex

1.1K
The somatosensory cortex in the parietal lobes is crucial for interpreting sensory data such as touch, temperature, and proprioception. The somatosensory cortex, situated in the parietal lobes, plays a vital role in interpreting sensory information like touch, temperature, and proprioception—awareness of body position. This specialized brain region features an organized structure wherein neurons at the top primarily process sensations originating from the lower body. In contrast, those at...
1.1K
Integration of Synaptic Events01:28

Integration of Synaptic Events

2.3K
Synaptic integration mainly includes the summation of graded potentials. Graded potentials, regardless of their type, cause subtle alterations in membrane voltage, resulting in either depolarization or hyperpolarization. These incremental changes, when combined or summed, can propel the neuron toward its threshold. Consider, for example, a membrane experiencing a +15 mV shift, causing it to depolarize from -70 mV to -55 mV. In this scenario, graded potentials govern the membrane's ability to...
2.3K
Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex01:14

Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex

4.8K
The cerebral cortex, the brain's outermost layer, is pivotal in processing complex cognitive tasks, emotions, and various sensory inputs and executing voluntary motor activities. This intricate structure is divided into three primary functional areas: the motor areas, sensory areas, and association areas.
Motor Areas
The motor areas located in the frontal lobe are central to controlling voluntary movements. This region is further subdivided into the primary motor cortex and the premotor cortex....
4.8K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

A four-factor model of psychopathy assessed via neural reinforcement sensitivity theory.

Personality neuroscience·2026
Same author

Ketamine effects on EEG and their links to therapy differ across treatment-resistant major depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, and obsessive-compulsive disorder.

The international journal of neuropsychopharmacology·2026
Same author

Hope for Neurotic Disorders: A Summary of New Zealand Research on the Development of Biomarkers and Novel Treatments.

Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand·2026
Same author

Ketamine for treatment-resistant post-traumatic stress disorder: double-blind active-controlled randomised crossover study.

BJPsych open·2025
Same author

Six weeks open-label oral ketamine for patients with treatment-resistant depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, or obsessive-compulsive disorder.

Journal of psychopharmacology (Oxford, England)·2025
Same author

Frontal localisation of a theory-based anxiety disorder biomarker - Goal conflict specific rhythmicity.

Journal of affective disorders·2024

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 22, 2025

Cross-Modal Multivariate Pattern Analysis
13:51

Cross-Modal Multivariate Pattern Analysis

Published on: November 9, 2011

20.1K

Construction of complex memories via parallel distributed cortical-subcortical iterative integration.

Neil McNaughton1, Seralynne D Vann2

  • 1Department of Psychology and Brain Health Research Centre, University of Otago, POB56, Dunedin, New Zealand.

Trends in Neurosciences
|May 22, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Complex memories form through hippocampal-cortical interactions, including subcortical loops. Hypothalamic circuits enhance these memory engrams by improving signal-to-noise ratio for learning and memory.

Keywords:
anterior thalamic nucleicerebellumiterative processingmammillary bodiesmemorysupramammillary nucleitheta

More Related Videos

Multi-electrode Array Recordings of Neuronal Avalanches in Organotypic Cultures
16:01

Multi-electrode Array Recordings of Neuronal Avalanches in Organotypic Cultures

Published on: August 1, 2011

26.6K
Investigating the Function of Deep Cortical and Subcortical Structures Using Stereotactic Electroencephalography: Lessons from the Anterior Cingulate Cortex
09:00

Investigating the Function of Deep Cortical and Subcortical Structures Using Stereotactic Electroencephalography: Lessons from the Anterior Cingulate Cortex

Published on: April 15, 2015

12.4K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Sep 22, 2025

Cross-Modal Multivariate Pattern Analysis
13:51

Cross-Modal Multivariate Pattern Analysis

Published on: November 9, 2011

20.1K
Multi-electrode Array Recordings of Neuronal Avalanches in Organotypic Cultures
16:01

Multi-electrode Array Recordings of Neuronal Avalanches in Organotypic Cultures

Published on: August 1, 2011

26.6K
Investigating the Function of Deep Cortical and Subcortical Structures Using Stereotactic Electroencephalography: Lessons from the Anterior Cingulate Cortex
09:00

Investigating the Function of Deep Cortical and Subcortical Structures Using Stereotactic Electroencephalography: Lessons from the Anterior Cingulate Cortex

Published on: April 15, 2015

12.4K

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Memory Research
  • Computational Neuroscience

Background:

  • Complex engrams rely on hippocampal-cortical interactions.
  • Subcortical loops, particularly through the hypothalamus, play a crucial role but are often overlooked.
  • The Papez circuit and its hypothalamic connections are conserved across mammals.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the anatomical organization of hypothalamic Papez loops.
  • To propose a theoretical framework for how these loops enhance engram formation.
  • To highlight the role of hypothalamic nodes in memory consolidation.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing anatomical and lesion data.
  • Theoretical modeling of neural circuit function.
  • Integration of data across mammalian species (rats to humans).

Main Results:

  • Identified a hierarchy of parallel Papez loops involving the hypothalamus.
  • Proposed that hypothalamic loops enable iterative reprocessing of information, paced by theta rhythmicity.
  • Demonstrated how recirculation in these loops enhances desired connections and reduces interference.

Conclusions:

  • Hypothalamic loops supplement direct hippocampal-cortical connections for complex engram construction.
  • These loops increase the signal-to-noise ratio in distributed engrams, crucial for learning and memory.
  • Hypothalamic nodes provide essential motivational input for engram enhancement during memory consolidation.