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Antipsychotic Drugs: Typical and Atypical Agents01:21

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Antipsychotic drugs are classified into first-generation (typical) drugs including phenothiazines; and second-generation (atypical) drugs. Chlorpromazine hydrochloride (Thorazine), a phenothiazine derivative, broadly impacts the central, autonomic, and endocrine systems. This drug, along with typical agents like haloperidol (Haldol), primarily works by antagonizing D2 receptors, thus reducing dopaminergic neurotransmission. However, typical antipsychotics can cause side effects such as sedation...
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Prokinetic agents are specialized medications that stimulate gastrointestinal (GI) motility, promoting food movement through the GI tract. Dopamine, an inhibitory neurotransmitter, plays a significant role in this process, reducing GI motility and indirectly controlling the speed of digestion. Dopamine receptor antagonists, such as metoclopramide and domperidone, offer a unique advantage as prokinetic agents. By blocking the dopamine receptors, these drugs increase GI motility, improving food...
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The elimination half-life and drug clearance of drugs following nonlinear kinetics can vary with dosage. The Michaelis-Menten parameters and drug concentration influence these factors. As the dose increases, the elimination half-life tends to lengthen, resulting in a reduction in clearance and a disproportionately larger area under the curve. The total clearance can be derived from the Michaelis-Menten equation for drugs following a one-compartment model.
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Antipsychotic drugs are a crucial treatment method for acute and chronic psychoses, bipolar illness, and behavioral disorders. The selection of these drugs depends on several factors, including the state of the disease, clinical judgment, possible drug interactions, and the patient's sensitivity to adverse effects. In immediate scenarios, such as delirium and dementia, short-term treatment with low doses of high-potency typical or atypical agents can effectively manage symptom exacerbation.
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Mania and Antimanic Drugs: Overview01:24

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Mania, a psychological condition characterized by elevated mood, increased energy, and reduced sleep need, is part of the bipolar disorder cycle. The exact cause of mania isn't entirely known, but it is thought to be a combination of genetic, environmental, and neurological factors. Bipolar disorder involves alternating manic and depressive episodes. Mood stabilizers like lithium, antipsychotics, and anticonvulsants help manage these episodes. Lithium carbonate is particularly effective as...
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Psychosis and Antipsychotic Drugs: Overview01:28

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The term "psychosis" refers to a spectrum of mental disorders characterized by abnormal thoughts, perceptions, and behaviors. It can manifest as mood disorders, dementia, delirium with psychotic features, substance-induced psychosis with psychotic features, brief psychotic disorder, delusional disorder, schizoaffective disorder, and schizophrenia. Among all these disorders, schizophrenia is the most common psychotic disorder, affecting 1% of the worldwide population. Psychotic...
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Risperidone Induced Hyperprolactinemia: From Basic to Clinical Studies.

Milena Stojkovic1,2, Branimir Radmanovic1,2, Mirjana Jovanovic1,2

  • 1Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia.

Frontiers in Psychiatry
|May 23, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Risperidone, a common antipsychotic, can cause hyperprolactinemia (HPL), impacting patient quality of life. Recognizing and treating HPL is crucial for improving adherence and outcomes in patients using this medication.

Keywords:
Risperidoneantipsychoticsbasic studiesclinical studieshyperprolactinemiaprolactinside-effects

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Area of Science:

  • Pharmacology
  • Endocrinology
  • Psychiatry

Background:

  • Risperidone is a widely used antipsychotic for managing psychotic symptoms.
  • Its non-selective action can lead to various side effects, including hyperprolactinemia (HPL).
  • HPL is a frequent, yet often overlooked, adverse effect of risperidone treatment.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review basic and clinical findings on risperidone-induced hyperprolactinemia (HPL).
  • To discuss the clinical effects and secondary manifestations of HPL.
  • To suggest management strategies for HPL in patients treated with risperidone.

Main Methods:

  • Review of preclinical and clinical studies on risperidone and HPL.
  • Analysis of the impact of drug administration routes on side effect profiles.
  • Examination of the clinical consequences of elevated prolactin levels.

Main Results:

  • Risperidone-induced HPL is a common side effect, potentially leading to impaired somatic functions and reduced quality of life.
  • HPL can manifest as lactation, irregular menses, and fertility issues.
  • Side effects, including HPL, are a significant cause of non-compliance, leading to symptom exacerbation and hospitalization.

Conclusions:

  • Hyperprolactinemia is a leading side effect of risperidone, significantly impacting patient well-being.
  • Effective recognition and management of HPL are essential for improving patient quality of life.
  • Addressing HPL can enhance treatment compliance and reduce psychiatric symptom relapse.