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Related Concept Videos

Inflammatory Response I: Vascular and Cellular01:30

Inflammatory Response I: Vascular and Cellular

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The inflammatory response is the body's defense against infection, injury, or irritation from bacteria, trauma, toxins, or heat. Inflammation helps locate and destroy pathogens and remove damaged tissue elements to heal the body. During this initial phase, fluid, blood products, and nutrients migrate to the injured area, resulting in redness, heat, swelling, ache, and loss of function. Moreover, signs of systemic inflammation include fever, increased WBC count, malaise, anorexia, nausea,...
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Inflammation01:38

Inflammation

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Overview
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Inflammatory Response01:28

Inflammatory Response

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An inflammatory response is a localized, nonspecific immune reaction that occurs when a tissue is injured. It is characterized by redness, swelling, heat, and pain, which are commonly called the cardinal signs and symptoms of inflammation. Inflammation can sometimes result in a loss of function.
Inflammation can be triggered by various stimuli, such as impact, abrasion, chemical irritation, infections, and extreme hot or cold temperatures. These can damage cells and connective tissue fibers,...
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Myocarditis I: Introduction01:21

Myocarditis I: Introduction

42
Myocarditis is inflammation of the myocardium, which is the muscular layer of the heart.EtiologyMyocarditis has a diverse etiology, including a wide range of infectious and non-infectious causes:Infectious CausesViral: Common viruses include Coxsackie A and B, adenovirus, parvovirus B19, enteroviruses, and influenza A.Bacterial: Examples include infections caused by Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, and Mycoplasma species.Rickettsial: Infections like Rocky Mountain spotted fever can result in...
42
Factors Affecting the Risk of Infection01:26

Factors Affecting the Risk of Infection

12.3K
The hosts' susceptibility to infection depends on several factors. The integrity of the skin and mucous membranes helps protect the body against microbial attacks. When the skin is altered, the chance of infection, limb loss, and even death increases.
The integrity and count of the white blood cells help the body resist pathogens and fight infection. When impaired, it reduces the body's resistance to pathogens. The acidic pH levels of the gastrointestinal, genitourinary tracts, and skin...
12.3K
Inflammatory Response II: Inflammatory Exudate and Tissue Repair01:24

Inflammatory Response II: Inflammatory Exudate and Tissue Repair

5.8K
The immune system's inflammatory response destroys the invading pathogen, permitting the tissue to heal. The changes during the cellular and vascular stages allow exudate formation at the site of inflammation. The inflammatory exudate released from the wound has high protein content and a specific gravity above 1.020.
The typical wound exudate is odorless, transparent, straw-colored, thin, and watery. Exudate, however, can differ depending on the state of wound healing. Likewise, the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 22, 2025

Infection of Primary Nasal Epithelial Cells Grown at an Air-Liquid Interface to Characterize Human Coronavirus-Host Interactions
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Inflammatory reflex disruption in COVID-19.

Khalil Hajiasgharzadeh1,2, Mahdi Jafarlou1, Behzad Mansoori3

  • 1Immunology Research Center Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz Iran.

Clinical & Experimental Neuroimmunology
|May 23, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway (CAP) may help manage COVID-19 by counteracting damaging cytokine storms. SARS-CoV-2 infection can disrupt this protective system, potentially explaining severe illness and neurological symptoms.

Keywords:
Autonomic dysfunctionCOVID‐19Cholinergic anti‐inflammatory pathwayInflammatory reflexSARS‐CoV‐2

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Intravenous Endotoxin Challenge in Healthy Humans: An Experimental Platform to Investigate and Modulate Systemic Inflammation
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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Neuroscience
  • Infectious Diseases

Background:

  • COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV-2, is a global pandemic with varied severity.
  • While primarily affecting lungs, COVID-19 impacts multiple organs and can trigger harmful cytokine storms.
  • Neurological manifestations are increasingly recognized as significant extrapulmonary complications of COVID-19.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the potential of the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway (CAP) in managing COVID-19.
  • To explore how SARS-CoV-2 disrupts the CAP, a key endogenous anti-inflammatory mechanism.
  • To investigate the link between CAP dysfunction, COVID-19 pathogenesis, and neurological symptoms.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on COVID-19, cytokine storms, and the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway.
  • Analysis of studies detailing SARS-CoV-2 interactions with the alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor.
  • Examination of research on neurological manifestations in COVID-19 patients.

Main Results:

  • The CAP acts as a crucial anti-inflammatory reflex, potentially beneficial in COVID-19.
  • SARS-CoV-2 may impair the CAP by interacting with the alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor.
  • Dysfunction of the CAP could contribute to severe COVID-19, cytokine storms, and neurological issues.

Conclusions:

  • The cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway presents a promising therapeutic target for COVID-19 management.
  • Understanding SARS-CoV-2's impact on the CAP is vital for addressing severe disease and extrapulmonary manifestations.
  • Further research into modulating the CAP may yield effective treatments for COVID-19-related inflammation and neurological complications.