Red cell genetic abnormalities and environmental interactions: a study in Tehamat Aseer

Area of Science:

• Medical Science
• Public Health
• Genetics

Background:

• Anemia and parasitic infections are significant health concerns in Saudi Arabia.
• Genetic blood disorders like sickle cell disease and thalassemias are prevalent in various populations.
• Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD) deficiency is a common inherited red blood cell disorder.

Purpose of the Study:

• To investigate the prevalence of parasite infestation, anemia, and the sickle cell (HbS) gene frequency.
• To determine the prevalence of alpha-thalassemia, beta-thalassemia, and G-6-PD deficiency.
• To identify the primary causes of anemia in the studied populations.

Main Methods:

• Screening of different villages in the lowland areas of Tehamat Aseer and low mountainous areas of Al-Hepatah.
• Assessment of parasite infestation rates.
• Laboratory analysis for anemia, sickle cell gene, alpha-thalassemia, beta-thalassemia, and G-6-PD deficiency.

Main Results:

• Anemia prevalence ranged from 3.5% to 9.1%, while parasite infestation varied from 0% to 36.4%.
• Sickle cell gene frequency was consistently low (0.06%–0.11%).
• Prevalence rates were: G-6-PD deficiency (8%–14%), alpha-thalassemia (20%–30%), and beta-thalassemia (10%–15%).

Conclusions:

• Parasite infestation emerged as a primary etiological factor for anemia in the region.
• The study highlights the complex interplay of infectious diseases and genetic predispositions in Saudi Arabia's southwestern population.
• Findings underscore the need for targeted public health interventions addressing both parasitic infections and inherited blood disorders.