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Related Concept Videos

Blood Pressure01:24

Blood Pressure

5.1K
The movement of blood in a human body, commonly referred to as blood flow, is determined by the volume of blood that traverses a certain section of the bodily system per unit time. It is the rhythmic contraction of the heart's ventricles that primarily instigates this movement. As the ventricles contract, blood is forced into the prominent arteries, which then flow from areas of greater pressure to lower pressure areas. This movement continues into smaller arteries and arterioles and...
5.1K
Measurement of Blood Pressure01:17

Measurement of Blood Pressure

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Assessing blood pressure is a standard procedure executed in virtually all medical environments. The method utilized today was established over a hundred years ago by an innovative Russian doctor, Dr. Nikolai Korotkoff. The soft ticking noise, known as Korotkoff sounds, heard while taking blood pressure readings results from turbulent blood flow within the vessels. The apparatus required for this procedure includes a sphygmomanometer, a blood pressure cuff attached to a gauge, and a...
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Pulse01:16

Pulse

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When the heart pumps blood out, arterial elastic fibers play a crucial role in sustaining a high-pressure gradient. They expand to accommodate the received blood and then recoil - a process known as the pulse that can be either manually palpated or electronically quantified. Despite a reduction in its effect with increased distance from the heart, elements of the pulse's systolic and diastolic components persist, observable even at the arteriole level.
The pulse serves as a clinical...
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Hypertension II: Pathophysiology01:29

Hypertension II: Pathophysiology

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Hypertension is a chronic condition in which the blood's force against artery walls is excessively high, posing risks such as heart disease. The condition's underlying mechanisms involve complex interactions among the cardiovascular, kidney, and autonomic nervous systems.Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS): This system significantly influences blood pressure regulation. When blood pressure decreases, the kidneys secrete renin. This enzyme transforms angiotensinogen, a plasma protein,...
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Vascular Resistance01:20

Vascular Resistance

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Vascular resistance is a critical concept in understanding blood flow dynamics in the circulatory system. It refers to the resistance that blood encounters as it flows through the blood vessels. This resistance is a key factor in determining blood pressure and cardiac workload.
The primary determinants of vascular resistance are vessel diameter, blood viscosity, and vessel length. Among these, vessel diameter plays the most significant role due to the fourth power relationship described by...
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Factors affecting Blood pressure01:28

Factors affecting Blood pressure

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Several physiological and lifestyle factors influence blood pressure (BP). Understanding these factors is crucial as they are significant in patient education and blood pressure management.
Physiological Factors:
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 22, 2025

Measuring the Carotid to Femoral Pulse Wave Velocity Cf-PWV to Evaluate Arterial Stiffness
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Polyvascular disease, pulse pressure and mortality.

Babak Yazdani1, Marcus E Kleber1,2, Gökhan Yücel3

  • 1Fifth Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine of the University of Heidelberg, University Medical Center Mannheim UMM, Mannheim, Germany.

VASA. Zeitschrift Fur Gefasskrankheiten
|May 23, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Polyvascular disease (PVD) significantly increases mortality risk. Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) presence, especially with coronary artery disease (CAD) or carotid stenosis (CS), is linked to higher all-cause and cardiovascular mortality.

Keywords:
Atherosclerotic burdencardiovascular mortalitycarotid stenosiscoronary artery diseaselower extremity peripheral artery diseasepolyvascular diseasepulse pressure

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Vascular Medicine
  • Epidemiology

Background:

  • Peripheral arterial disease (PAD), coronary artery disease (CAD), and carotid stenosis (CS) are established mortality predictors.
  • The impact of polyvascular disease (PVD) on mortality in patients with atherosclerotic burden requires further clarification.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the predictive value of PAD, CAD, and CS for mortality in patients at intermediate to high cardiovascular risk.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective observational study using baseline data from the Ludwigshafen Risk and Cardiovascular Health (LURIC) study.
  • Analysis of 3316 patients referred for coronary angiography, adjusting for key demographic and clinical factors.

Main Results:

  • Increasing numbers of atherosclerotic vascular beds (PAD, CAD, CS) significantly correlated with higher all-cause and cardiovascular mortality.
  • PAD combined with CAD or CS showed substantially higher mortality hazard ratios compared to CAD with CS.
  • PVD presence was associated with increased age, blood pressure, vascular stiffness, smoking history, and reduced estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR).

Conclusions:

  • All-cause and cardiovascular mortality rates increase in parallel with the number of affected atherosclerotic vascular beds.
  • Simultaneous PAD presence confers a significantly higher mortality risk than CS coexistence.
  • Elevated atherosclerotic burden may contribute to vascular stiffness and renal function impairment.