Related Experiment Video
Updated: Sep 22, 2025
Echocardiographic Evaluation of Atrial Communications before Transcatheter Closure
Published on: February 8, 2022
Clinical translation of surgical simulated closure of a ventricular septum defect
Qi Li1, Nabil Hussein2, Yunyi Zhang1
1Department of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
Objectives:
To demonstrate that improvement in technical performance of congenital heart surgical trainees during ventricular septum defect (VSD) closure simulation translates to better patient outcomes.
Methods:
Seven trainees were divided into 2 groups. Experienced-fellows group included 4 senior trainees who had performed >5 VSD closures. Residents group consisted of 3 residents who had never performed a VSD closure. Experienced-fellows completed 3 VSD closures on real patients as a pretest. Both groups participated in a 4-week simulation requiring each participant to complete 2 VSD closures on three-dimensional printed models per week. One month later, all trainees returned for a post-test operation in real patients. All performances were recorded, blinded and scored independently by 2 cardiac surgeons using the validated Hands-On Surgical Training-Congenital Heart Surgery (HOST-CHS). Predefined surgical outcomes were analysed.
Results:
The median HOST-CHS score increased significantly from week 1 to 4 [50 (39, 58) vs 73 (65, 74), P < 0.001] during simulation. The improvement in the simulation of experienced-fellows successfully transferred to skill acquisition [HOST-CHS score 72.5 (71, 74) vs 54 (51, 60), P < 0.001], with better patients outcomes including shorter total cross-clamp time [pretest: 86 (70, 99) vs post-test: 60 (53, 64) min, P = 0.006] and reduced incidence of major patch leak requiring multiple pump runs [pretest: 4/11 vs post-test: 0/9, P = 0.043]. After simulation, the technical performance and surgical outcomes of Residents were comparable to Experienced-fellows in real patients, except for significantly longer cross-clamp time [Residents: 76.5 (71.7, 86.8) vs Experienced-fellows: 60 (53, 64) min, P = 0.002].
Conclusions:
Deliberate practice using simulation translates to better performance and surgical outcomes in real patients. Residents who had never completed a VSD closure could perform the procedures just as safely and effectively as their senior colleagues following simulation.
