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Active metamaterial absorbers (MAs) offer tunable electromagnetic wave control. This review highlights innovative materials and strategies for adaptive MAs, crucial for versatile metadevices.

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Area of Science:

  • Metamaterials
  • Electromagnetics
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Metamaterial absorbers (MAs) have advanced significantly in theory, design, simulation, and applications.
  • Absorption capabilities have improved across a wide frequency spectrum (microwaves to optical).
  • Integrating active elements enables dynamic control of electromagnetic waves for novel metadevices.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive overview of active metamaterial absorbers (MAs).
  • To highlight innovative materials and strategies for adaptive and on-demand control of electromagnetic responses.
  • To guide the optimal design of versatile metadevices.

Main Methods:

  • Reviewing innovative materials and unique strategies for precise electromagnetic response control.
  • Discussing mainstream methods (manipulating periodic patterns) and alternative approaches (tailoring dielectric spacer, transforming structure).
  • Summarizing and comparing key design parameters: operating frequency, tuning range, and switching speed.

Main Results:

  • Active MAs enable dynamical manipulation of electromagnetic waves.
  • Various strategies exist for incorporating tunability into MAs.
  • Key performance metrics for active MAs have been identified and compared.

Conclusions:

  • Active MAs represent a significant advancement for versatile metadevices.
  • Further opportunities exist in the development of active MAs.
  • This review provides a roadmap for designing and optimizing active MAs.