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Chronic Pancreatitis II: Collaborative Care01:29

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The management of chronic pancreatitis is multifaceted, involving a comprehensive approach that includes thorough assessment, diagnostic testing, and a variety of management strategies.
Assessment:
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Chronic Pancreatitis I: Introduction01:24

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The pancreas, an elongated and flat gland situated behind the stomach, serves a vital function in digesting food and managing blood sugar levels.
Pancreatitis is the inflammation of the pancreas, which occurs when the immune system becomes active and causes swelling, pain, and disruptions in organ function. Pancreatitis can manifest as either an acute or chronic condition.
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Liver and gallbladder diseases are a significant health concern, with prominent conditions including cirrhosis, hepatitis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and gallstones. Jaundice is a common manifestation of liver and biliary disease.
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Acute pancreatitis presents a complex medical emergency characterized by rapid onset inflammation of the pancreas, demanding timely diagnosis and management to prevent complications. The condition primarily manifests through severe upper abdominal pain that often radiates to the back. This pain intensifies following the consumption of fatty foods. Accompanying symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, abdominal distention, fever, dyspnea, cyanosis, and jaundice can vary in intensity but significantly...
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Esophageal varices often manifest as gastrointestinal bleeding episodes, presenting symptoms like hematemesis (vomiting of blood), hematochezia (passing fresh blood via the rectum), and melena (black, tarry stools). Other signs can include weight loss, anorexia, abdominal discomfort, jaundice, pruritus, altered mental status, and muscle cramps.
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Chronic kidney disease (CKD) requires collaborative and comprehensive management. CKD progresses through stages and can lead to end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) if untreated. Interprofessional collaboration and patient education are crucial, enabling patients to manage their health and improve their quality of life.Diagnostic approach for chronic kidney diseaseThe diagnosis of CKD primarily focuses on the glomerular filtration rate (GFR), which assesses kidney function by measuring how well...
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Chronic hepatitis E: Advancing research and patient care.

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Chronic hepatitis E, caused by specific hepatitis E virus (HEV) genotypes in immunocompromised patients, requires further research for improved prevention and treatment strategies.

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Chronic HEV infectionepidemiologyexperimental modelspathophysiologypreventiontreatment

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Area of Science:

  • Hepatology and Virology
  • Immunocompromised Host Pathogen Interactions

Background:

  • Hepatitis E virus (HEV) was initially considered to cause only acute hepatitis.
  • The 2008 diagnosis of chronic HEV in transplant recipients revolutionized understanding of HEV pathogenesis.
  • Specific HEV genotypes are now known to cause chronic infection in immunocompromised populations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advancements in understanding and managing chronic HEV infection.
  • To identify critical knowledge gaps in chronic HEV.
  • To propose strategies for future research and improved patient care.

Main Methods:

  • Comprehensive review of clinical and experimental research over the past decade.
  • Analysis of epidemiology, transmission, pathophysiology, diagnosis, clinical features, and treatment of chronic HEV.
  • Identification of challenges in translating knowledge into clinical practice.

Main Results:

  • Significant progress has been made in understanding chronic HEV infection.
  • Knowledge has expanded regarding HEV genotypes, transmission, and clinical manifestations in specific populations.
  • Persistent challenges remain in disease prevention and enhancing clinical outcomes.

Conclusions:

  • Chronic hepatitis E is a significant clinical concern in immunocompromised individuals.
  • Further research is essential to address knowledge gaps and improve patient outcomes.
  • Translating current knowledge into effective prevention and treatment strategies is a key future direction.