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Related Concept Videos

Olefin Metathesis Polymerization: Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization (ROMP)01:16

Olefin Metathesis Polymerization: Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization (ROMP)

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Ring-opening metathesis polymerization or ROMP involves strained cycloalkenes as starting materials. The mechanism of ROMP proceeds by reacting cycloalkene with Grubbs catalyst to give metallacyclobutane intermediate which undergoes a ring-opening reaction to form new carbene. The new carbene reacts with another molecule of cycloalkene. Repetition of these steps leads to the formation of an unsaturated open-chain polymer product. All these steps are reversible, however, relieving the ring...
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Olefin Metathesis Polymerization: Overview01:13

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Recently, the development of olefin metathesis polymerization advanced the field of polymer synthesis. Simply put, the reorganization of substituents on their double bonds between two olefins in the presence of a catalyst is known as the olefin metathesis reaction. The use of metathesis reaction for polymer synthesis is called olefin metathesis polymerization.
Ruthenium-based Grubbs catalyst is the most commonly used catalyst for olefin metathesis polymerization. Grubbs catalyst consists...
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Base-Catalyzed Ring-Opening of Epoxides02:26

Base-Catalyzed Ring-Opening of Epoxides

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Due to their highly strained structures, epoxides can readily undergo ring-opening reactions through nucleophilic substitution, either in the presence of an acid or a base. The nucleophilic substitution reactions in the presence of acid are called acid-catalyzed ring-opening reactions, and nucleophilic substitution reactions in the presence of a base are called base-catalyzed ring-opening reactions. Epoxides undergo base-catalyzed ring-opening reactions in the presence of a strong nucleophile...
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Acid-Catalyzed Ring-Opening of Epoxides02:24

Acid-Catalyzed Ring-Opening of Epoxides

7.7K
Epoxides that are three-membered ring systems are more reactive than other cyclic and acyclic ethers. The high reactivity of epoxides originates from the strain present in the ring. This ring strain acts as a driving force for epoxides to undergo ring-opening reactions either with halogen acids or weak nucleophiles in the presence of mild acid. The acid catalyst converts the epoxide oxygen, a poor leaving group, into an oxonium ion, a better leaving group, making the reaction feasible. The...
7.7K
Ziegler–Natta Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:17

Ziegler–Natta Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

3.5K
Ziegler–Natta polymerization is another form of addition or chain‐growth polymerization used for synthesizing linear polymers over branched polymers. The catalyst used for polymerization is the Ziegler–Natta catalyst, named after Karl Ziegler and Giulio Natta, who developed it in 1953. This catalyst is an organometallic complex of titanium tetrachloride and triethyl aluminum, with the active form of the catalyst being an alkyl titanium compound. Using the Ziegler–Natta...
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ortho–para-Directing Activators: –CH3, –OH, –⁠NH2, –OCH301:11

ortho–para-Directing Activators: –CH3, –OH, –⁠NH2, –OCH3

6.4K
All ortho–para directors, excluding halogens, are activating groups. These groups donate electrons to the ring, making the ring carbons electron-rich. Consequently, the reactivity of the aromatic ring towards electrophilic substitution increases. For instance, the nitration of anisole is about 10,000 times faster than the nitration of benzene. The electron-donating effect of the methoxy group in anisole activates the ortho and para positions on the ring and stabilizes the corresponding...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 22, 2025

Controlled Photoredox Ring-Opening Polymerization of O-Carboxyanhydrides Mediated by Ni/Zn Complexes
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Controlled Photoredox Ring-Opening Polymerization of O-Carboxyanhydrides Mediated by Ni/Zn Complexes

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Organic Catalysis for Ring-Opening Polymerization.

Andrew P Dove1

  • 1Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom.

ACS Macro Letters
|May 24, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Organic catalysts offer a cost-effective and versatile alternative to metal catalysts for ring-opening polymerization (ROP). Advances in organocatalyst design now enable precise control over complex polymer synthesis, making them ideal for challenging ROP applications.

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Depolymerizable Olefinic Polymers Based on Fused-Ring Cyclooctene Monomers
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Controlled Photoredox Ring-Opening Polymerization of O-Carboxyanhydrides Mediated by Ni/Zn Complexes
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Area of Science:

  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Organic Catalysis

Background:

  • Metal-based catalysts traditionally dominate ring-opening polymerization (ROP).
  • Organic catalysts have emerged as a powerful, metal-free alternative.
  • Recent advancements offer low cost, ease of use, and high control.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight key advances in organocatalyst design for ROP.
  • To encourage broader adoption of organic catalysts in polymer synthesis.
  • To showcase the precision achievable with organocatalysis in ROP.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent literature on organocatalyst development for ROP.
  • Analysis of organocatalyst performance in synthesizing advanced polymer architectures.
  • Discussion of challenging ROP monomers polymerized via organocatalysis.

Main Results:

  • Development of cost-effective and user-friendly organocatalysts for ROP.
  • Demonstration of precise control over polymer synthesis using organocatalysts.
  • Successful polymerization of challenging ROP monomers with organic catalysts.

Conclusions:

  • Organic catalysis is a highly effective and adaptable approach for ROP.
  • Organocatalysts provide precise control, enabling complex polymer architectures.
  • Wider application of organocatalysts in ROP is encouraged due to their advantages.