Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Electron Behavior01:09

Electron Behavior

10.3K
Electrons are negatively charged subatomic particles attracted to and orbit around the positively-charged nucleus of an atom. They reside in spaces associated with energy levels called shells and are further organized into subshells and orbitals within each shell.
Electrons Orbit the Nucleus
Electrons are found in specific locations outside of the nucleus. The shell in which an electron resides indicates the general energy level of the electron: those closer to the nucleus have less energy,...
10.3K
Electron Affinity03:07

Electron Affinity

37.3K
The electron affinity (EA) is the energy change for adding an electron to a gaseous atom to form an anion (negative ion).
37.3K
Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer02:48

Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer

42.6K
Ions are atoms or molecules bearing an electrical charge. A cation (a positive ion) forms when a neutral atom loses one or more electrons from its valence shell, and an anion (a negative ion) forms when a neutral atom gains one or more electrons in its valence shell. Compounds composed of ions are called ionic compounds (or salts), and their constituent ions are held together by ionic bonds: electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged cations and anions. 
42.6K
Chemical Ionization (CI) Mass Spectrometry01:21

Chemical Ionization (CI) Mass Spectrometry

862
The molecular ion peak of a molecule in the mass spectrum provides vital information for molecular identification. However, conventional electron impact ionization can lead to the rapid dissociation of some molecular ions before they reach the detector. A milder ionization method is required to increase the lifetime of such ionized analyte molecules. Chemical ionization (CI) is a gas-phase protonation reaction useful for mass-analyzing analyte molecules that are easily protonated to yield the...
862
Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Chlorination and Bromination of Benzene01:15

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Chlorination and Bromination of Benzene

8.9K
Chlorination and bromination are important classes of electrophilic aromatic substitutions, where benzene reacts with chlorine or bromine in the presence of a Lewis acid catalyst to give halogenated substitution products. A Lewis acid such as aluminium chloride or ferric chloride catalyzes the chlorination, and ferric bromide catalyzes the bromination reactions. During the bromination of alkenes, bromine polarizes and becomes electrophilic. However, in the bromination of benzene, the bromine...
8.9K
Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution: Elimination–Addition01:11

Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution: Elimination–Addition

4.2K
Simple aryl halides do not react with nucleophiles. However, nucleophilic aromatic substitutions can be forced under certain conditions, such as high temperatures or strong bases. The mechanism of substitution under such conditions involves the highly unstable and reactive benzyne intermediate. Benzyne contains equivalent carbon centers at both ends of the triple bond, each of which is equally susceptible to nucleophilic attack. This 50–50 distribution of products is...
4.2K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Photochemistry of Sodium Pyruvate Clusters.

The journal of physical chemistry. A·2026
Same author

Uptake of ammonia by mixed sulfate-bisulfate cluster cations under multicollisional conditions: approaching equilibrium particle formation in ion traps.

Physical chemistry chemical physics : PCCP·2026
Same author

An interactive machine learning platform for analyzing multi-particle coincidence data from cold target recoil ion momentum spectroscopy.

The Review of scientific instruments·2026
Same author

A practical guide to RRKM theory, its simplified multi-well version AWATAR and master equation modelling of radiative processes.

Physical chemistry chemical physics : PCCP·2026
Same author

Cryogenic Bottom-up Formation of the Benzene Cation from Acetylene in Helium Nanodroplets.

Journal of the American Chemical Society·2026
Same author

Formation of the Long-Lived Parent Anion upon Electron Attachment to Menadione.

The journal of physical chemistry. A·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 22, 2025

Photoelectron Imaging of Anions Illustrated by 310 Nm Detachment of F−
06:53

Photoelectron Imaging of Anions Illustrated by 310 Nm Detachment of F−

Published on: July 27, 2018

8.8K

Hexachlorobenzene-negative ion formation in electron attachment experiments.

S Kumar1, F Izadi2, M Ončák2

  • 1Atomic and Molecular Collisions Laboratory, CEFITEC, Department of Physics, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal. plimaovieira@fct.unl.pt.

Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics : PCCP
|May 24, 2022
PubMed
Summary

This study investigates hexachlorobenzene (C6Cl6) negative ion formation using low-energy electrons. The parent anion is the most stable, but fragmentation yields Cl-, Cl2-, C6Cl4-, and C6Cl5- anions.

More Related Videos

Thermochemical Studies of NiII and ZnII Ternary Complexes Using Ion Mobility-Mass Spectrometry
16:11

Thermochemical Studies of NiII and ZnII Ternary Complexes Using Ion Mobility-Mass Spectrometry

Published on: June 8, 2022

2.4K
Coulomb Explosion Imaging as a Tool to Distinguish Between Stereoisomers
08:51

Coulomb Explosion Imaging as a Tool to Distinguish Between Stereoisomers

Published on: August 18, 2017

10.5K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Sep 22, 2025

Photoelectron Imaging of Anions Illustrated by 310 Nm Detachment of F−
06:53

Photoelectron Imaging of Anions Illustrated by 310 Nm Detachment of F−

Published on: July 27, 2018

8.8K
Thermochemical Studies of NiII and ZnII Ternary Complexes Using Ion Mobility-Mass Spectrometry
16:11

Thermochemical Studies of NiII and ZnII Ternary Complexes Using Ion Mobility-Mass Spectrometry

Published on: June 8, 2022

2.4K
Coulomb Explosion Imaging as a Tool to Distinguish Between Stereoisomers
08:51

Coulomb Explosion Imaging as a Tool to Distinguish Between Stereoisomers

Published on: August 18, 2017

10.5K

Area of Science:

  • Physical Chemistry
  • Chemical Physics
  • Molecular Physics

Background:

  • Hexachlorobenzene (C6Cl6) is a persistent organic pollutant.
  • Understanding its electron interaction is crucial for environmental and chemical applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To comprehensively study the formation of hexachlorobenzene negative ions.
  • To analyze the fragmentation patterns resulting from low-energy electron attachment.

Main Methods:

  • Gas-phase crossed beam experiment to probe electron interactions from 0 to 12 eV.
  • Quantum chemical calculations to determine electronic structure and thermochemistry.

Main Results:

  • The most intense ion observed was the non-dissociated parent hexachlorobenzene anion.
  • Fragment anions identified include Cl-, Cl2-, C6Cl4-, and C6Cl5-.
  • Cl- formation involves π*/σ* coupling and exhibits vibrational excitation signatures.

Conclusions:

  • Low-energy electron attachment to hexachlorobenzene leads to complex fragmentation.
  • Quantum chemical calculations support experimental findings on ion structures and formation pathways.
  • Jahn-Teller distortion may influence chlorine anion yield.