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Gravimetry: Inorganic And Organic Precipitating Agents00:49

Gravimetry: Inorganic And Organic Precipitating Agents

1.6K
In gravimetry, the precipitant is chosen carefully to obtain a pure solid that can be easily filtered. Common inorganic precipitants can be used to determine several cations and anions. In some cases, the formation of the same precipitate can be used to determine the cation and the anion. For example, the reaction of barium and chromate ions to give barium chromate is used to determine both barium and chromate. However, precipitates such as hydroxides, oxalates, and metal ammonium phosphates...
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Acidity of 1-Alkynes02:42

Acidity of 1-Alkynes

10.1K

The acidic strength of hydrocarbons follows the order: Alkynes > Alkenes > Alkanes. The strength of an acid is commonly expressed in units of pKa — the lower the pKa, the stronger the acid. Among the hydrocarbons, terminal alkynes have lower pKa values and are, therefore, more acidic. For example, the pKa values for ethane, ethene, and acetylene are 51, 44, and 25, respectively, as shown here.
10.1K
1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO2 Mechanism01:37

1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO2 Mechanism

4.1K
Nitrous acid is a relatively weak and unstable acid prepared in situ by the reaction of sodium nitrite and cold, dilute hydrochloric acid. In an acidic solution, the nitrous acid undergoes protonation when it loses water to form a nitrosonium ion—an electrophile. Nitrous acid reacts with primary amines to give diazonium salts. The reaction is called diazotization of primary amines.
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Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Acid Halides, Esters, and Acid Anhydrides01:16

Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Acid Halides, Esters, and Acid Anhydrides

4.7K
Naming Acid Halides
The IUPAC and common names of acid halides are derived from the corresponding carboxylic acids, by changing “ic acid” to “yl halide.” For example, as shown below, the IUPAC name ethanoyl chloride is derived from ethanoic acid, and the common name, acetyl chloride, is obtained from acetic acid.
4.7K
Precipitation of Ions03:11

Precipitation of Ions

28.2K
Predicting Precipitation
The equation that describes the equilibrium between solid calcium carbonate and its solvated ions is:
28.2K
Alkylation of β-Diester Enolates: Malonic Ester Synthesis01:14

Alkylation of β-Diester Enolates: Malonic Ester Synthesis

3.6K
Malonic ester synthesis is a method to obtain α substituted carboxylic acids from ꞵ-diesters such as diethyl malonate and alkyl halides.
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Updated: Sep 22, 2025

Synthesis of High Purity Nonsymmetric Dialkylphosphinic Acid Extractants
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Synthesis of High Purity Nonsymmetric Dialkylphosphinic Acid Extractants

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Iodous acid - a more efficient nucleation precursor than iodic acid.

Shaobing Zhang1, Shuning Li1,2, An Ning1

  • 1Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Ministry of Education of China, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China. lingliu@bit.edu.cn.

Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics : PCCP
|May 25, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Iodous acid (HIO2) efficiently forms stable clusters through hydrogen and halogen bonds, driving new particle formation in marine environments. This molecule proves more effective than iodic acid (HIO3) as a nucleation precursor.

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Chemoselective Preparation of 1-Iodoalkynes, 1,2-Diiodoalkenes, and 1,1,2-Triiodoalkenes Based on the Oxidative Iodination of Terminal Alkynes
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Chemoselective Preparation of 1-Iodoalkynes, 1,2-Diiodoalkenes, and 1,1,2-Triiodoalkenes Based on the Oxidative Iodination of Terminal Alkynes

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Reaction Kinetics and Combustion Dynamics of I4O9 and Aluminum Mixtures
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Reaction Kinetics and Combustion Dynamics of I4O9 and Aluminum Mixtures

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Chemoselective Preparation of 1-Iodoalkynes, 1,2-Diiodoalkenes, and 1,1,2-Triiodoalkenes Based on the Oxidative Iodination of Terminal Alkynes
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Reaction Kinetics and Combustion Dynamics of I4O9 and Aluminum Mixtures
09:16

Reaction Kinetics and Combustion Dynamics of I4O9 and Aluminum Mixtures

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Area of Science:

  • Atmospheric Chemistry
  • Environmental Science
  • Physical Chemistry

Background:

  • Iodous acid (HIO2) is an iodine oxyacid implicated in marine new particle formation (NPF).
  • The precise nucleation mechanism of HIO2 remains poorly understood.
  • Understanding HIO2's role is crucial for explaining NPF events in marine atmospheres.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the self-nucleation mechanism of iodous acid (HIO2) under varying atmospheric conditions.
  • To compare the nucleation efficiency of HIO2 with iodic acid (HIO3) in marine environments.
  • To provide theoretical evidence for the significance of HIO2 in marine NPF.

Main Methods:

  • Employed quantum chemical calculations to study HIO2 molecular interactions and cluster formation.
  • Utilized Atmospheric Cluster Dynamics Code (ACDC) simulations to model nucleation processes.
  • Compared self-nucleation rates and precursor efficiencies of HIO2 and HIO3.

Main Results:

  • HIO2 forms stable molecular clusters via hydrogen and halogen bonds.
  • Self-nucleation of HIO2 occurs through sequential addition of HIO2 or small HIO2-based clusters.
  • HIO2 exhibits a higher cluster formation rate than HIO3, despite lower concentrations, indicating greater nucleation efficiency.

Conclusions:

  • Self-nucleation of HIO2 is a significant pathway for new particle formation in marine areas.
  • HIO2 is a more efficient nucleation precursor than HIO3.
  • This study offers theoretical support for intensive NPF events observed in marine regions.