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Color Vision

Color Vision

Color perception begins in the retina, the light-sensitive layer at the back of the eye. Two main theories explain how colors are seen: the trichromatic theory and the opponent-process theory. The trichromatic theory, proposed by Thomas Young in 1802 and extended by Hermann von Helmholtz in 1852, suggests that color vision is based on three types of cone receptors in the retina. These cones are sensitive to different but overlapping ranges of wavelengths corresponding to red, blue, and green.

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Color in Coordination Complexes
When atoms or molecules absorb light at the proper frequency, their electrons are excited to higher-energy orbitals. For many main group atoms and molecules, the absorbed photons are in the ultraviolet range of the electromagnetic spectrum, which cannot be detected by the human eye. For coordination compounds, the energy difference between the d orbitals often allows photons in the visible range to be absorbed and emitted, which is seen as colors by the human...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 22, 2025

An Electrochemical Cholesteric Liquid Crystalline Device for Quick and Low-Voltage Color Modulation

An Electrochemical Cholesteric Liquid Crystalline Device for Quick and Low-Voltage Color Modulation

Published on: February 27, 2019

Tunable structural colors on display.

Andreas Tittl¹

¹Chair in Hybrid Nanosystems, Nanoinstitute Munich, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Königinstraße 10, 80539, München, Germany. andreas.tittl@physik.uni-muenchen.de.

Light, Science & Applications

|May 25, 2022

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Structural coloration mimics nature

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An Electrochemical Cholesteric Liquid Crystalline Device for Quick and Low-Voltage Color Modulation

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Published on: April 24, 2017

Area of Science:

Optics and Materials Science

Background:

Nature utilizes structural coloration for vibrant hues.
Artificial materials can control light reflection and transmission.

Purpose of the Study:

To explore combining structural coloration with electrical tuning.
To enable advanced optical display applications.

Main Methods:

Fabrication of artificially structured materials.
Integration of active electrical tuning mechanisms.

Main Results:

Demonstrated control over light properties using structural coloration.
Achieved tunable optical effects through electrical stimulation.

Conclusions:

Combining structural coloration with electrical tuning is feasible.
This integration offers potential for next-generation optical displays.