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Schizophrenia is a complex psychiatric disorder characterized by a range of symptoms that significantly impact cognition, behavior, and emotional regulation. Among these, the positive symptoms stand out as they involve the addition or exaggeration of normal mental functions, deviating markedly from typical behavior and perception. Hallucinations and delusions are prominent positive symptoms, each profoundly affecting the individual's experience of reality.
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Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID), previously termed multiple personality disorder, is a complex psychological condition characterized by the presence of two or more distinct identities or personality states. Each identity exhibits unique patterns of behavior, voice, and mannerisms and may possess separate memories and emotional responses. The alternating control between identities can result in memory gaps and challenges in recalling daily activities, often exacerbating the individual's...
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What is It Like to be Delirious?

Eelco F M Wijdicks1, Alejandro A Rabinstein2

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The current delirium and encephalopathy terminology is debated. We advocate for a unified definition: encephalopathy with or without delirium characteristics, recognizing agitated delirium patients are encephalopathic.

Keywords:
DefinitionsDeliriumEncephalopathyHallucinationsPathophysiology

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Medical Terminology
  • Cognitive Disorders

Background:

  • Current terminology for delirium and encephalopathy lacks consensus.
  • Proliferation of new terms hinders clear understanding and research.
  • Existing definitions are debated and may not reflect clinical reality.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To critically evaluate the current terminology of delirium and encephalopathy.
  • To propose a more unified and clinically applicable definition.
  • To encourage a return to patient-centered linguistic usage in neurology.

Main Methods:

  • Viewpoint article analyzing existing literature and clinical practice.
  • Critique of subjective and unsatisfactory proposed terminology for delirium.
  • Advocacy for a revised definition integrating delirium and encephalopathy.

Main Results:

  • Current delirium terminology is subjective and may impede scholarly work.
  • Proposed new terms for delirium are unsatisfactory and lack clear meaning.
  • Agitated patients in delirium are inherently encephalopathic.

Conclusions:

  • Advocate for defining encephalopathy with or without delirium characteristics.
  • Emphasize that the meaning of terms is determined by clinical use.
  • A unified definition supports bedside utility and prospective research in delirium and encephalopathy.