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Related Concept Videos

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Ribulose 1,5- bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RuBisCo) is a critical enzyme that catalyzes carbon dioxide assimilation during photosynthesis. However, it is an inefficient enzyme, having an extremely slow catalytic rate. A typical enzyme can process about a thousand molecules per second; however, RuBisCo fixes only around three-carbon dioxides per second. Photosynthetic cells compensate for this slow rate by synthesizing very high amounts of RuBisCo, making it the most abundant single...
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The mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) is the main energy generation system in the eukaryotic cells. However, mitochondria also produce cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) due to the large electron flow during oxidative phosphorylation. While Complex I is one of the primary sources of superoxide radicals, ROS production by Complex II is uncommon and may only be observed in cancer cells with mutated complexes.
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What is Photosynthesis?00:39

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Photosynthesis is a multipart, biochemical process that occurs in plants as well as in some bacteria. It captures carbon dioxide and solar energy to produce glucose. Glucose stores chemical energy in the form of carbohydrates. The overall biochemical formula of photosynthesis is 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + Light energy → C6H12O6 + 6 O2. Photosynthesis releases oxygen into the atmosphere and is largely responsible for maintaining the Earth’s atmospheric oxygen content.
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During the electron transport chain, electrons from NADH and FADH2 are first transferred to complexes I and II, respectively. These two complexes then transfer the electrons to ubiquinol, which carries them further to complex III. Complex III passes the electrons across the intermembrane space to Cyt c, which carries them further to complex IV. Complex IV donates electrons to oxygen and reduces it to water. As electrons pass through complexes I, III, and IV, the energy released aids the pumping...
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Enzymes require additional components for proper function. There are two such classes of molecules: cofactors and coenzymes. Cofactors are metallic ions and coenzymes are non-protein organic molecules. Both of these types of helper molecule can be tightly bound to the enzyme or bound only when the substrate binds.
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The final stage of cellular respiration is oxidative phosphorylation that consists of two steps: the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis. The electron transport chain is a set of proteins found in the inner mitochondrial membrane in eukaryotic cells. Its primary function is to establish a proton gradient that can be used during chemiosmosis to produce ATP and generate electron carriers, such as NAD+ and FAD, that are used in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 22, 2025

Biosynthesis of a Flavonol from a Flavanone by Establishing a One-pot Bienzymatic Cascade
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How plants synthesize coenzyme Q.

Jing-Jing Xu1, Mei Hu2, Lei Yang1

  • 1Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Resources, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai 201602, China; Chenshan Plant Science Research Center, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201602, China.

Plant Communications
|May 26, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Coenzyme Q (CoQ) is vital for cellular energy and antioxidant defense. Plant CoQ biosynthesis pathways are unique, offering insights into evolution and potential for enhancing CoQ in foods.

Keywords:
4-hydroxybenzoic acidbiofortificationcoenzyme Qmitochondriaplant metabolism

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Quantification of Coenzyme A in Cells and Tissues
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Related Experiment Videos

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Quantification of Coenzyme A in Cells and Tissues
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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Molecular Biology
  • Plant Science

Background:

  • Coenzyme Q (CoQ) is an essential redox-active lipid involved in electron transport and cellular antioxidant defense.
  • Eukaryotic CoQ biosynthesis knowledge is largely derived from yeast models.
  • Recent discoveries highlight unique CoQ biosynthetic pathways in plants.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize current research on Coenzyme Q biosynthesis and regulation in plants.
  • To explore novel biosynthetic pathways and their evolutionary significance in phototrophic eukaryotes.
  • To review efforts aimed at increasing CoQ content in plant-based foods.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of plant Coenzyme Q biosynthesis research.
  • Analysis of unique mitochondrial and benzenoid ring precursor pathways.
  • Examination of strategies for enhancing CoQ levels in edible plants.

Main Results:

  • Identification of unique mitochondrial flavin-dependent monooxygenase pathways in plants.
  • Discovery of distinct benzenoid ring precursor pathways for CoQ synthesis in plants.
  • Demonstration of significant diversity in CoQ biosynthetic routes across eukaryotes.

Conclusions:

  • Plant Coenzyme Q biosynthesis exhibits unique features compared to other eukaryotes.
  • These findings provide crucial insights into the evolution of CoQ pathways in phototrophic organisms.
  • Understanding these pathways opens avenues for biofortification of plant foods with CoQ.