Formation of AGEs in fish cakes during air frying and other traditional heating methods

This study investigated the formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) in fish cakes under air frying, deep frying, pan frying and baking. The results showed that the AGEs contents on the surface of fish cakes significantly increased with prolonging heating time. The AGEs contents under different methods were following: deep frying > air frying ≈ pan frying > baking. However, the AGEs contents in the interior of fish cakes were hardly influenced by the methods and time. The correlation analysis showed that the AGEs contents were negatively correlated with the moisture content, positively correlated with the yellowness (b*) value, oil content and oxidation products. Additionally, the air-fried fish cake exhibited a denser texture compared to the others, and its colour was similar to the deep-fried ones. Conclusively, the air-fried fish cake showed low oil and AGEs contents, and similar colour to the deep-fried fish cake.