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Cognitive development continues throughout adulthood, undergoing significant shifts across early, middle, and late stages. Individual transition occurs from adolescent idealism to pragmatic and adaptable thinking in early adulthood. During this period, individuals learn to integrate personal beliefs with the recognition that other perspectives are equally valid. Exposure to the complexities of modern society, diverse experiences, and higher education contribute to this adaptive thought process,...
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Updated: Sep 21, 2025

Evaluation of the Cognitive Performance of Hypertensive Patients with Silent Cerebrovascular Lesions
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Cognitive dysfunction following COVID-19 infection.

Rafi Hadad1,2,3, Johad Khoury4,5, Chen Stanger6

  • 1Neurology, Clalit Health Services, Haifa, Israel. rafi.hadad@gbhi.org.

Journal of Neurovirology
|May 26, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Cognitive decline after COVID-19 infection impacts executive functions and attention, even in mild cases. These neurological symptoms can occur independently of disease severity, affecting otherwise healthy individuals.

Keywords:
Cognitive declineCognitive dysfunction following COVID-19 infectionCognitive symptoms post-COVID infectionExecutive dysfunctionMemory symptomsPost-COVIDPost-COVID cognitive impairment

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Cognitive Science

Background:

  • The COVID-19 pandemic has led to widespread infections globally.
  • Long-term neurological complications and post-COVID syndromes are not well understood.
  • Cognitive symptoms are frequently reported by individuals recovering from COVID-19.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To characterize the cognitive performance of patients experiencing cognitive symptoms after COVID-19 infection.
  • To identify specific cognitive domains affected by post-COVID cognitive impairment.
  • To explore potential correlations between cognitive deficits and clinical factors.

Main Methods:

  • Patients with post-COVID cognitive symptoms were evaluated at a specialized clinic.
  • Neurological assessment included medical history, symptom inventory, neurological examination, and the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA).
  • Laboratory tests and brain imaging (CT or MRI) were performed.

Main Results:

  • 46 patients (65% female, mean age 49.5) were assessed.
  • Impairments were noted in executive functions, particularly phonemic fluency, and attention.
  • Total MoCA scores, memory, and orientation subscores were within normal ranges. Disease severity, prior conditions, and hypoxia did not correlate with cognitive performance.

Conclusions:

  • Cognitive decline can occur post-COVID-19, independent of disease severity.
  • Executive function, attention, and phonemic fluency are commonly affected cognitive domains.
  • These cognitive abnormalities were observed despite normal laboratory and imaging results.