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Factors Affecting the Risk of Infection01:26

Factors Affecting the Risk of Infection

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The hosts' susceptibility to infection depends on several factors. The integrity of the skin and mucous membranes helps protect the body against microbial attacks. When the skin is altered, the chance of infection, limb loss, and even death increases.
The integrity and count of the white blood cells help the body resist pathogens and fight infection. When impaired, it reduces the body's resistance to pathogens. The acidic pH levels of the gastrointestinal, genitourinary tracts, and skin...
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Steps in Outbreak Investigation01:18

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In the ever-evolving field of public health, statistical analysis serves as a cornerstone for understanding and managing disease outbreaks. By leveraging various statistical tools, health professionals can predict potential outbreaks, analyze ongoing situations, and devise effective responses to mitigate impact. For that to happen, there are a few possible stages of the analysis:
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Infection01:20

Infection

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When a pathogen enters the body and reproduces, it can cause an infection, damage body cells, and cause illness symptoms that eventually lead to disease. Therefore, its prevention requires breaking the chain of infection.
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Healthcare Associated Infections II: Preventive Measures01:22

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Essential infection prevention measures are based on the knowledge of the infection chain, the modes of transmission in healthcare settings, and the use of the best practices in all healthcare settings. Compulsory public reporting of healthcare-associated infection rates is needed to allow individuals and the community to make informed choices regarding selecting a healthcare facility.
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Sexually Transmitted Infections01:26

Sexually Transmitted Infections

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Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are diseases transmitted primarily through unsafe sexual interactions. Bacteria, viruses, or parasites cause them and can result in severe health complications if untreated.ChlamydiaThe bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis is responsible for the disease Chlamydia, the most common STI in the United States. This peculiar pathogen requires human cells to reproduce, residing intracellularly. The initial infection often goes unnoticed because it typically does not...
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Healthcare Associated Infections I: Iatrogenic, Exogenic and Endogenic01:26

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Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) occur in a healthcare facility while a person receives care for another ailment. This category also includes work-related infections among healthcare staff.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 21, 2025

Author Spotlight: Advancements in Multiplex Detection of Respiratory Viruses
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Trends and Correlates of Breakthrough Infections With SARS-CoV-2.

Jose-Miguel Yamal1, Savitri Appana1, Mengxi Wang1

  • 1Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth) School of Public Health, Houston, TX, United States.

Frontiers in Public Health
|May 27, 2022
PubMed
Summary

COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness was studied against the SARS-CoV-2 delta variant. Breakthrough infections were linked to younger age, female sex, White race, and the Janssen vaccine, though vaccines still reduced infection risk.

Keywords:
COVID-19COVID-19 vaccineCOVID-19 vaccine efficacybreakthrough infectiondelta variant strain

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Area of Science:

  • Virology and Immunology
  • Epidemiology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) delta variant raised concerns about reduced COVID-19 vaccine efficacy.
  • Factors contributing to SARS-CoV-2 infections post-vaccination were not well understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate demographic and vaccine-related factors associated with breakthrough SARS-CoV-2 infections in fully vaccinated individuals.
  • To assess the effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 infection during the delta variant surge.

Main Methods:

  • An observational cohort study was conducted in Harris County, Texas, analyzing positive SARS-CoV-2 Nucleic Acid Amplification tests from 12/14/2020 to 9/30/2021.
  • Breakthrough infections were defined as positive tests occurring at least 14 days after completing full vaccination.
  • Statistical analysis identified correlates of breakthrough infections among fully vaccinated individuals.

Main Results:

  • Out of 146,731 positive SARS-CoV-2 tests, 7.5% were classified as breakthrough infections.
  • Factors associated with breakthrough infections included young adult age, female sex, White race, and receipt of the Janssen vaccine, even after adjusting for community transmission levels.
  • Despite breakthrough cases, COVID-19 vaccines demonstrated continued effectiveness in reducing the likelihood of testing positive for SARS-CoV-2.

Conclusions:

  • While vaccines remain protective, certain demographic factors and vaccine types were associated with an increased risk of breakthrough infections.
  • The findings suggest that increased uptake of COVID-19 vaccine boosters could further mitigate new SARS-CoV-2 infections.