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Auditory Perception

Auditory Perception

The auditory system is essential for sound perception, utilizing various critical structures. When sound waves enter the outer ear, they travel through the ear canal and cause the eardrum to vibrate. These vibrations are then transmitted to the middle ear, where three tiny bones – the malleus, incus, and stapes – amplify the sound. This amplification is crucial, as it ensures that the sound vibrations are strong enough to be conveyed to the inner ear. These vibrations then reach the...

Hearing

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When we hear a sound, our nervous system is detecting sound waves—pressure waves of mechanical energy traveling through a medium. The frequency of the wave is perceived as pitch, while the amplitude is perceived as loudness.

Perception of Sound Waves

Perception of Sound Waves

The human ear is not equally sensitive to all frequencies in the audible range. It may perceive sound waves with the same pressure but different frequencies as having different loudness. Moreover, the perception of sound waves depends on the health of an individual's ears, which decays with age. The health of one's ears may also be affected by regular exposure to loud noises.
The pitch of a sound depends on the frequency and the pressure amplitude of the source. Two sounds of the same...

Nightmares and Night Terrors

Nightmares and Night Terrors

Nightmares and night terrors represent two distinct types of sleep disturbances that differ in timing, characteristics, and the sleeper's recall of the event. Nightmares are vivid, disturbing dreams that usually awaken the sleeper from REM sleep, a stage of sleep where brain activity is high, and dreams are most frequent. Upon awakening, individuals often have detailed recollections of their nightmares, which can include themes of threats to survival, security, or self-esteem.
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The human brain perceives pitch through two primary mechanisms reflected in place theory and frequency theory. Each mechanism describes how sound waves are interpreted as specific pitches by the brain, offering insights into the intricate processes of auditory perception.
Place theory, or place coding, suggests that different pitches are heard because various sound waves activate specific locations along the cochlea's basilar membrane. The brain determines the pitch of a sound by...

Auditory Pathway

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Auditory pathways constitute the complex neural circuits responsible for transmitting and interpreting auditory information from the peripheral auditory system to the brain. Sound waves are initially captured by the outer ear, funneled through the ear canal, and reach the tympanic membrane (eardrum). These vibrations are transmitted via the middle ear's ossicles to the inner ear's cochlea.
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Updated: Sep 21, 2025

A Protocol for the Administration of Real-Time fMRI Neurofeedback Training

A Protocol for the Administration of Real-Time fMRI Neurofeedback Training

Published on: August 24, 2017

Tinnitus: at a crossroad between phantom perception and sleep.

Linus Milinski¹, Fernando R Nodal¹, Vladyslav V Vyazovskiy¹

¹Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Sherrington Building, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PT, UK.

Brain Communications

|May 27, 2022

Summary

Phantom percepts like tinnitus may disrupt sleep, while sleep pressure might temporarily reduce tinnitus. Understanding this brain activity link offers new therapeutic insights.

Keywords:

neural plasticity phantom percepts sleep spontaneous brain activity tinnitus

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Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Sleep Science
Auditory Perception

Background:

Sleep involves sensory disconnection, crucial for maintenance.
Internally generated percepts (phantom percepts) and their interaction with sleep are poorly understood.
Studying phantom percepts is challenging due to their subjective nature.

Purpose of the Study:

To explore the functional interaction between the sleep-wake cycle and tinnitus, a common phantom percept.
To investigate how brain activity during sleep and wakefulness influences tinnitus perception.
To examine the impact of tinnitus on sleep functions and homeostasis.

Main Methods:

Review of characteristic brain activity patterns in tinnitus during wakefulness and sleep.
Exploration of the effects of sleep pressure on phantom sound persistence.
Discussion of sleep's role in brain plasticity and tinnitus consolidation.

Main Results:

Tinnitus may interfere with restorative sleep by overriding sensory disconnection.
Sleep pressure might offer temporary relief from phantom sounds.
Sleep-related brain plasticity could contribute to the consolidation of tinnitus.

Conclusions:

Tinnitus offers a unique model to study sleep's role in sensory processing.
The interplay between sleep and tinnitus has implications for therapeutic interventions.
Further clarification of this relationship may lead to novel tinnitus management strategies.