Risk Factors for Severe and Fatal Heat-Related Illness in UK Dogs-A VetCompass Study

Area of Science:

• Veterinary Medicine
• Environmental Health
• Canine Health

Background:

• Global temperature increases elevate the risk of heat-related illness (HRI) in domestic dogs.
• Understanding geographical and ambient factors is crucial for canine welfare.
• Previous research has not fully detailed intrinsic and extrinsic risk factors for severe HRI outcomes.

Purpose of the Study:

• To investigate geographical variations and ambient conditions linked to HRI in UK dogs.
• To identify intrinsic (canine) and extrinsic (environmental, situational) risk factors for severe HRI and fatality.
• To inform strategies for mitigating HRI risks in dogs amidst climate change.

Main Methods:

• Retrospective analysis of veterinary clinical records from the VetCompass database.
• Examination of geographical location, ambient temperature, and HRI event data.
• Statistical analysis to determine odds ratios for risk factors associated with severe disease and fatal outcomes.

Main Results:

• Dogs in London exhibited significantly higher odds of developing HRI compared to those in the North West.
• The median ambient temperature during HRI events was 16.9°C.
• Risk factors for severe HRI included age, bodyweight, and trigger; fatal outcomes were associated with age, skull shape, and clinical grade. Vehicular confinement posed a greater risk for severe disease, while older and brachycephalic dogs faced higher mortality risks.

Conclusions:

• Geographical location, particularly urban environments like London, influences HRI risk in dogs.
• Specific triggers (e.g., vehicular confinement) and canine characteristics (age, brachycephaly) significantly increase the risk of severe and fatal HRI.
• Enhanced owner education on HRI risk factors is essential for improving canine welfare in a warming climate.