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Related Concept Videos

Cells of the Epidermis01:24

Cells of the Epidermis

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The epidermis is made of four or five layers of epithelial cells, depending on its location in the body. From deep to superficial, these layers are the stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, and stratum corneum.
The cells in all these layers except the stratum basale are called keratinocytes, a type of cell that manufactures and stores the protein keratin. The keratinocytes in the stratum corneum are dead and regularly slough away, being replaced by cells from...
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Pigmentation01:19

Pigmentation

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The color of the skin is influenced by a number of pigments, including melanin, carotene, and hemoglobin. Recall that melanin is produced by cells called melanocytes, which are found scattered throughout the stratum basale of the epidermis. The melanin is transferred to the keratinocytes via melanosomes.
Melanin occurs in two primary forms: eumelanin that provides black and brown pigment and pheomelanin that provides red color. Dark-skinned individuals produce more melanin than those with pale...
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Changes in Skin Color: Clinical Perspectives01:14

Changes in Skin Color: Clinical Perspectives

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The first thing a clinician sees is the skin, so the examination of the skin should be part of any thorough physical examination. Most skin disorders are relatively benign, but a few, including melanomas, can be fatal if untreated. A couple of the more noticeable disorders, albinism and vitiligo, affect the appearance of the skin and its accessory organs.
Albinism
Albinism is a genetic disorder that affects (completely or partially) the coloring of skin, hair, and eyes. The defect is primarily...
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Layers of the Epidermis01:21

Layers of the Epidermis

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The epidermis, the outermost layer of the skin, is composed of several distinct layers. From deep to superficial, the layers of the epidermis are as follows:
Stratum Basale
Stratum basale, also known as the stratum germinativum, is the deepest layer of the epidermis. It is composed of a single layer of actively dividing cells called basal cells or basal keratinocytes. These cells constantly undergo cell division to replenish the upper layers of the epidermis. Additionally, melanocytes, which...
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Introduction to the Integumentary System01:25

Introduction to the Integumentary System

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The integumentary system is the organ system that comprises the skin and its associated structures. It is the largest system in the human body and plays a crucial role in protecting and maintaining homeostasis. The integumentary system serves several functions including protection, regulation, sensation, and secretion.
The skin, which is the primary organ of the integumentary system, consists of three main layers: the epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis (subcutaneous tissue). The epidermis is the...
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Accessory Structures of the Skin: Hair Growth and Types01:20

Accessory Structures of the Skin: Hair Growth and Types

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Hair growth begins with the production of keratinocytes by the basal cells of the hair bulb. As new cells are deposited at the hair bulb, the hair shaft is pushed through the follicle toward the surface. Keratinization is completed as the cells are pushed to the skin surface to form the shaft of hair that is externally visible. The external hair is completely dead and composed entirely of keratin. Hair can be cut or shaven without damaging the hair structure because the cut is superficial. Most...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 21, 2025

Generation of Genetically Modified Organotypic Skin Cultures Using Devitalized Human Dermis
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Generation of Genetically Modified Organotypic Skin Cultures Using Devitalized Human Dermis

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Human skin through the ages.

Mike Walker1

  • 1Wound Care Consultant, United Kingdom.

International Journal of Pharmaceutics
|May 27, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Aging skin inevitably deteriorates due to intrinsic and environmental factors, leading to cosmetic issues and potentially life-threatening skin breakdown, such as chronic leg ulceration.

Area of Science:

  • Dermatology
  • Gerontology
  • Human Physiology

Background:

  • The skin serves as the body's primary protective barrier against the environment.
  • It plays crucial roles in regulating water loss, gas exchange, temperature, and immune functions.
  • Intrinsic and environmental factors accelerate skin aging and deterioration.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the consequences of aging skin.
  • To underscore the impact of age-related skin deterioration on individuals and healthcare systems.

Main Methods:

  • This study is a review of the physiological changes associated with skin aging.
  • It synthesizes information on the causes and effects of age-related cutaneous problems.

Main Results:

Keywords:
AgingBarrier functionHuman skin

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Last Updated: Sep 21, 2025

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Generation of Self-assembled Vascularized Human Skin Equivalents
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  • Skin aging leads to progressive deterioration, compromising its barrier function.
  • Age-related skin issues range from cosmetic concerns to severe conditions like chronic leg ulceration.
  • Chronic skin breakdown poses significant challenges for patients, caregivers, and healthcare resources.

Conclusions:

  • Cutaneous problems are an unavoidable outcome of the aging process.
  • The implications of aging skin extend beyond the individual, impacting caregivers and healthcare systems significantly.